THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH: 



BEING A 



STATISTICAL VIEW 



OF THE CONDITION OF THE 



FREE AND SLAVE STATES. 



BY 

HENRY CHASE a.\d C. H. SANBORN. 
// 



€ortqf\ltti from ©tEtcial ©orumrrtts. 



:b O S T O ^ r 
PUBLISHED. BY .JOHN. P.- JEWZTT ANP COMPANY 

HENRY P. B. JEWETT. 
1857 

Republished 1972 

Scholarly Press, Inc., 22929 Industrial Drive East 

St. Clair Shores, Michigan 48080 



tA 



*^ 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by 

JOHN P. JEWETT AND COMPANY, 

In the Clerk's Oflace of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts 



Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Chase, Henry, 

The North and the South. 

Reprint of the 2d ed. 

1. United States- — Statistics. I. Sanborn, 
Charles Henry, 1822-1899, joint author. II. Title, 
1^31. C48 1972 317.3 75-116280 
ISBN 0-403-00/,37-3 



c\? '^ ^^^^^^^ 



PREFACE. 



It is the object of this work to compare the condition of the 
slaveholding and non-slaveholding States — the North and the 
South — as to territory, population, industry and wealth, educar 
tion and intelligence, religion and moral advancement, and 
general progress. The authorities used are the official docu- 
ments of the General Government and of the individual States. 
The calculations are, for the most part, for the year 1850, and 
based on the census returns for that year, as compiled by J. D. 
B. De Bow, and published in his Compendium of the Seventh 
Census. 

• This work, prepared with much labor, is the only one of the 
kiod within our knowledge. "We think there is public neces- 
sity for it, and submit it without further remark. 

Concord, Mass., September, 1856. 

(Ill) 



CONTENTS. 



PAGB 

Introductory, 5 

Territory, 7 

Population, 11 

Representation, 24 

Agriculture, 29 

IVIanufactures, 59 

Commerce, 70 

Valuij: of Eeal and Personal Estate, 80 

Education, 89 

The Press, 105 

Post-Office Statistics, . . . " . . . . 115 

CiiLTiciiES, and Contributions for Benevolent Objects, . 119 

Massachusetts, South Carolina, etc., .... 123 

Laws OF EJlNsas, 144 

Appendix:, 151 

(iv) 



INTRODUCTORY 



The slaveholcling States, fifteen in number, including the semi- 
slave States of Delaware and Maryland, have an area of eight hun- 
di-ed and fifty-one thousand, four hundi-ed and forty-eight square 
miles. In latitude, they extend from 25^ to 40° north, and, in lon- 
gitude, from 75° to 107° west. This vast empire of nearly a thousand 
miles square has a sea and gulf coast of seven thousand miles in 
extent, and is drained by more than fifty navigable rivers. Through 
its centre flows the longest river of the globe, with its thousands of 
miles of navigable waters. 

The firee States, sixteen in number, have an area of six hundi-ed 
and twelve thousand five hundi^ed and ninety-seven square miles. 
Exclusive of California, they extend, in latitude, fi'om 37° to 47° 
north, and, in longitude, from 67° to 97° west. With California, 
they constitute a territory of nearly eight hundred miles square, with 
two thousand miles of Atlantic seacoast. A dozen na\igable rivers 
flow from this territory to the Atlantic, two of them finding a passage 
to the sea through the far-extending bays of the slave States. By 
the greaf lakes and their outlets, its northern products find their nat- 
ural channel to the ocean — ice-bound for several months in the year 
— through the territory of a foreign power ; while, borne on the Mis- 
sissippi for more than a thousand miles thi'ough the domain of slavery, 
its western products seek a passage to the ocean by the Gulf of 
Mexico. . While the rivers of the slave States are never closed to 
navigation by the rigors of climate, those of the free States are 
closed by ice during the winter months of each year. 

In climate, the. slave States excel, and in soil equal, the free. 
Certain productions, moreover, of great importance are mostly con- 
fined, by the laws of temperature, to the slave States. Among these 
are cotton, cane-sugar, rice, and tobacco. 

Thus, for agriculture, the slave States have a fertile soil, a cKmate 

1^ (V) 



VI INTRODUCTORY. 

adapted to the productions of tropical and temperate latitudes ; for 
manufactures, an exhaustless motive power distributed throughout 
its whole extent, with the raw materials of cotton, wool, iron, lumber, 
etc., abundant and readily accessible, while coal, salt, and other 
precious metals are found in several of these States ; for internal 
commerce, numerous rivers draining the whole territory ; for external 
commerce, thousands of miles of sea and gulf coast with excellent 
harbors. 

The rigorous climate of aU, and the sterile soil of some of the 
free States, render them less fitted for agriculture than the slave 
States, while the transportation of the raw material affects the success 
of manufactures. For the purposes of commerce, the North has a 
moderate extent of seacoast and several good harbors, whose remote- 
ness, however, from the producing and consuming regions affect 
dis advantageously the interests of trade. The great lakes, when not 
closed by ice, furnish good facilities for internal commerce. 

In the origin of their population and the date of their settlement, 
the North and the South are pretty nearly alilie. 

Geographically, it will be seen that the old and new free States 
are nearly separated by, the projection of Canada and northern Vir- 
ginia, while the Pacific State of California is separated from the other 
fr-ee States by two thousand miles of unsettled countr}'. The slave 
States, old and new, on the other hand, lie in a compact body. Re- 
sulting from these different geographical positions were the facts that 
the emigration from the older free States must seek, by extended 
and circuitous routes, a passage to the new ; wliile the emigration 
from the slave States had only to cross a border line, of a thousand 
miles in extent, to find itself at once on its new territory. 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



CHAPTER I 



TERRITOIIY. 



As the basis for future comparisons, in tliis work, the follow- 
ing table is introduced, showing the area of the several States, 
together with that of the two great sections, the North and the 

South: 

TABLE I. 

Showing the Area of the Slave and the Free States. 



SLATE STATES. 


Area in 

Sq. MUes. 


FREE STATES. 


Area in 
Sq. Miles. 


Alabama 


50,722 
52,198 
2,120 
59,268 
58,000 
37,680 
41,255 
11,124 
47,156 
67,380 
50,704 
29,385 
45,600 
237,504 
61,352 


California 


155,980 
4,674 
55,405 
33,809 
50,914 
31,766 


Arkansas 


Connecticut 


Delaware 


Illinois 


Florida 


Indiana 


Georgia 


Iowa 


Kentucky 


Maine 


liOuisiana 


Massachusetts 


7,800 


Maryland 


]\Iichigan 


56,243 
9,280 

47,000 
8,320 


Mississippi 


New Hampshire 

New York 


Missouri - 


North Carolina 


New Jersey 


South Carolina 


Ohio 


39,964 
46,000 
1,306 
10,212 
53,924 


Tennessee 


Pennsylvania 


Texas 


Rhode Island 


Virerinia 


Vermont 




W^isconsin ... 


• •* 1 




Total 


851,448 


Total. . 


612,597 







m 



8 THE NOKTH AND THE SOUTH. 

It will be seen by the above table that the area of the fifteen 
slavebolding States is 851.448 square miles ; and that of the 
sixteen non-slaveholding States 612,597 square miles; a differ- 
ence of more than 238,000 square miles in favor of the Slave 
States.* Let it be remembered, therefore, that the area of the 
Free States is considerably less than three-fourths that of the 
Slave States. 

By the purchase of Louisiana, in 1803, and of Florida, in 
1819, were added to the national domain 966,479 square miles ; 
an area greater than the entire area of the United States at 
the time of gaining their independenccf By the annexation 
of Texas, in 1846, were added 318,000 miles more, and by a 
treaty with Mexico at the close of the war, 522,955 square 
miles ; making an aggregate of 1,807,434 square miles. Tliis, 
of course, is exclusive of the 308,052 square miles to wliich 
our title was " confirmed " by treaty with Great Britain in 1846. 

The expense of these purchases and conquests cannot be 
exactly determined. The territory of Louisiana, purchased of 
France, cost $15,000,000 ; that of Florida, purchased of Spain, 
$5,000,000 ; amount paid Texas, about $27,000,000 ; expenses 
of Mexican war, $217,175,575 ; paid for New Mexico, by 
treaty, $15,000,000. Making an aggregate of more than 
$270,000,000, wliich, together with uiterest on the same, the 
expense of the Florida war, about $100,000,000, and nearly 
the same amount paid for the extinguishment of Lidian titles, 
etc., etc., make a sum, httle if any short of $1,000,000,000. 

The manner in which this territory has been apportioned to 
the two sections is given by Mi\ Clay, in his speech in the 
Senate in 1850. (See Appendix to Congress. Globe, vol. 22, 
part 1, page 126.) 

'*• The estimates here made are according to the Compendium of the 
United States Census. In the Quarto Edition the area of Texas is given 
as 325,520 square miles ; which would make the area of the Slave States 
nearly 100,000 square miles more than here given. 

t See Compendium United States Census, p. 32. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. » 

He says : " Wliat have been the territorial acquisitions made 
by this country, and to what interests have they conduced? 
Florida, where slavery exists, has been introduced. All the 
most valuable parts of Louisiana have also added to the extent 
and consideration of the slaveholding portion of the Union.'' 

" All Louisiana, with the exception of what lies north of 36^^ 

30';" "all Texas, all the territories which have been ac- 
quired by the Government of the United States during sixty years 
of the operation of that Government, have been slave territories 
— theatres of slavery — with the exception I have mentioned 
lyuig north of the line of 36^ 30^" 

California has since been admitted a Free State. The other 
States, formed from territory thus obtained, and admitted into 
the Union, are Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, an(J 
Texas — five Slave States. 

The area of California is 155,980 square miles ; that of the 
five Slave States named, 457,605 ; being 302,625 square miles 
more, and very nearly in the ratio of three to one. Lideed, 
the area of these five purchased Slave States is greater than 
that of all the Free States, if we except California. It wiU be 
seen by tables VIE and VIII, that the number of Representatives 
in Congress from California is two, which, together with two 
Senators, entitle that State to four electoral votes. The number 
of Representatives from the five Slave States is sixteen, which, 
together with ten Senators, make twenty-six electoral votes, 
being in the ratio of six and one-third to one, and a majority of 
twenty-two. 

There is (of territory inhabited and uninhabited) north of 
the old Missouri Compromise line an area of 1,970,077 square 
miles, and 966,089 south of it. 

It will be noticed, in passing, that the area of Virginia is not 
quite four thousand miles less than that of aU New England, 
and is larger than that entire section if we except Connecticut. 
It is also larger than the four States of New York, Massachu- 
setts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Maryland contains over 



10 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

three thousand Square miles more than Massachusetts, and is 
considerably larger than either New Hampshire or Vermont ; 
Pennsylvania and New York are each smaller than either 
North Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, Arkansas, or Alabama ; 
while Ohio and Indiana are still smaller. Ohio has but two 
thousand two hundred and eighty-four square miles more than 
Kentucky, to which it is very similar in surface, soil, and pro- 
ductions. South Carolina is almost four times as laroje as 
Massachusetts, and three-fourths as large as Ohio. 



o^ 



CHAPTER II 



POPULATION. 



The following tables give the aggregate population of the 
several states in 1790, 1820, and 1850. (For a table showing 
the population at each decennial census, see Appendix.) In 
connection with this are also here given, the area, the number 
of inhabitants to a square mile in 1850, and the population at 
the present time, the last beiug taken from a late communication 
to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury : 

TABLE n. 

Stateinent of the Area, and Aggregate Population in 1790, 1820, 1850, and 
I8j^, with the Number of Inhabitants to a Square mile, in 1850, of the 
several Slave States. 



SLAVE STATES 


Area in 


Population 


Population Population 


Density 


Population 




Sq.MUes. 


in 1790. 


in 1820. in 1850. 


in 1850. 


in 1856 


Alabama 


50,722 




127,901 


771,623 


15.21 


835,192 


Arkansas 


52,198 




14,273 


209,897 


4.02 


253,117 


Delaware ...... 


2,120 


59,096 


72,749 


91,532 


43.18 


97,295 


Plorida 


59,268 






87,445 


1.48 


110,725 


Greorgia 


58,000 


82,548 


340,987 


906,185 


15.62 


935,090 


Kentucky 


37,680 


73,077 


564,317 


982,405 


26.07 


1,086,587 


Louisiana 


41,255 


319,728 


153,407 


517,762 


12.55 


600,387 


Maryland 


11,124 




407,350 


583,034 


52.41 


639,580 


Mississippi 


47,156 




75,448 


606,326 


12.86 


671,649 


Missouri 


67,380 




66,586 


682,044 


10.12 


831,215 


North Carolina 


50,704 


393,751 


638,829 


869,039 


17.14 


921,852 


South Carolina 


29,385 


249,073 


502,741 


668,507 


22.75 


705,661 


Tennessee 


45,600 


35,791 


422,813 


1,002,717 


21.99 


1,092,470 


Texas 


237,504 






212,592 


0.89 


500,000 


Virginia 


61,352 


748,308 


1,065,379 


1,421,661 


23.17 


1,512,593 


Total 


851,448 


1,961,372 


4,452,780 


9,612,769 


11.28 


10,793,413 



(11) 



12 



THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE m. 

Statement of the Area, and Aggregate Population in 1790, 1820, 1850, and 
1856, with the Number of Inhabitants to a Square Mile, in 1850, of the 
several Free States. 



FREE STATES 


Area in 


Population Population 


Population 


Density! Population 




Sc[.Miles. 


in 1790. 


in 1820. 


in 1850. 


in 1850. 


in 1856. 


California 


155,980 






92,597 


.59 


335,000 


Connecticut . . . 


4,674 


238,141 


275,202 


370,792 


79.33 


401,292 


Illinois 


55,405 




55,211 


851,470 


15.37 


1,242,917 


Indiana 


33,809 




147,178 


988,416 


29.24 


1,149,606 


Iowa 


50,914 
31,766 






192 214 


3.78 


325,014 
623,862 


Maine. . . .- 


96,540 


298,335 


583,169 


18.36 


Massachusetts. 


7,800 


378,717 


523,287 


994,514 


127.50 


1,133,123 


Michigan 


56,243 




8,896 


397,654 


7.07 


509,374 


New Hamps'ire 


9,280 


141,899 


244,161 


317,976 


34.26 


324,701 


New York 


47,000 


340,120 


1,372,812 


3,097,394 


65.90 


3,470,059 


New Jersey . . . 


8,320 


184,139 


277,575 


489,555 


58.84 


569,499 


Ohio .... : . . 


39,964 
46,000 




FiSl dOiJ. 


1,980.329 
2,311,786 


49.55 


2,215,750 
2,542,960 


Pennsylvania . 


434,373 1,049,'458 


50.26 


Rhode Island . 


1,306 


69,110 83,059 


147,545 


112.97 


166,927 


Vermont 


10,212 


aP5,416 235,764 


314,120 


30.76 


325,206 


Wisconsin 


53,924 




305,391 


5.66 


552,109 


Total 


612,597 


1,968,455 


5,152,372 


13,434,922 


21.93 


15,88f,399 



From these tables it will be seen that, in 1790, the popula- 
tion in the present non-slaveholding States was 1,968,455 ; and 
in the present slaveholding States, 1,961,372 ; showing a differ- 
ence of 7,083 in favor of the non-slaveliolding States. This 
differ^ce, at first so slight, only 7,000, we find constantly- 
increasing, until* in 1820 (thirty years from that time) it be- 
comes 699,592 ; the population of the slaveholding vStates 
being at that time 4,452,780, and that of the non-slaveholding 
States 5,152,372. In thirty years more (1850), the popu- 
lation of the fifteen Slave States is 9,612,769, and of the sixteen 
Free States 13,434,922 ; a difference of 3,822,153 in favor of 
the Free States.- Thus, from having a majority of less than 
four-tenths of one per cent in 1790, the Free States had in 



A STATISTICxVL YIEW. 13 

1850 a majority of more than thirty-nine per cent. And this, 
notwithstanding 87,000 inhabitants were added to the vSlave 
States by the annexation of Louisiana and Florida, and a large 
population by the annexation of Texas. 

The average number of inhabitants to a square mile, in the 
Slave States, is 11.28, and in the Free States 21.93 ; almost 
exactly two to one. 

On examining this table a little in detail, we notice the fol- 
lowing, among many other interesting facts : 

The area of Virginia is 61,352 miles ; that of New York is 
47,000, or over 14,000 square miles less than that of Virginia. 
The population of Virginia, in 1790, was 748,308, and in 1850 
it was 1,421,661. It had not doubled in sixty years. The 
population of New York in 1790 was 340,120, in 1850 it was 
3,097,394 ; thus. New York had multiplied her population niore 
than nine times in the same period. Kentucky has an area of 
37,680 square miles, and Ohio 39,964, a little over two thousand 
miles gi-eater. Kentucky had in 1850 a population of 982,405, 
and Ohio 1,980,329, or nearly a million more than Kentucky. 
Kentucky was admitted into the Union in 1792, and Ohio in 
1802. The area of ^Mississippi is 47,156 square miles, that 
of Pennsylvania, 46,000. The population of Mississippi was, 
in 1850 (in round numbers), 606,000, that of Pennsylvania, 
2,300,000. The number of inhabitants to a square mile in 
North Carolina was, in 1850, a little over seventeen, and in 
New Hampshire thirty-four ; in Tennessee twenty-one, and in 
Ohio forty-nine ; in South Carolina twenty-two, and in Massa- 
chusetts one hundred and twenty-seven. 

These comparisons are based upon the population as it was 
in 1850. The tables likewise show the present population, as 
given in a recent communication to Congress, by the Secretary 
of the Treasury. By this it will be seen that the ratio of in- 
crease still continues ; there being now a majority of 5,093,986 
or over forty-seven per cent, in favor of the Free States 

2 



14 THE NORTH AKD THE SOUTH. 

According to the same ratio, in less than three years more 
than two-thirds of the entire population of the Union will be 
found in the Free States. 

The entire white population of the two sections, at each 
decennial census, from 1790 to 1850, is as follows (for a 
statement of white population at each census, see Appendix) : 

Non-slaveholding States. 
In 1790 1,900,976 



Slaveholding States. 


Li 1790. 


1,271,488 


1800 


1,692,914 


1810 


* 2,192,706 


1820 


2,808,946 


1830. 


3,633,195 


1840 


4,601,873 



1850 6,184,477 



1800 


2,601,509 


1810 


3,653,219 


18.20 


5,030,377 


1830 


6,871,302 


1840 


9,557,065 



1850 13,238,670 



The difference of increase here may perhaps seem more 
remarkable than in the aggregate population. The white popu- 
lation of the present Slave States was, in 1790, 1,271,448, 
and of the present non-slaveholding States, at the same time, 
1,900,976, a difference of 629,488 ; not quite fifty per cent, in 
favor of the non-slaveholding states. In 1850 that difference 
had become 7,054,193, or over one hundred and fourteen per 
cent. In other words, the white population in the Free States 
had become 869,716 more than double that in the Slave States. 
The population of the latter being 6,184,477, and that of the 
former 13,238,670. 

How far this difference, both of population and its increase, 
in the two sections, is due to foreign immigration, may be seen 
from the following statement {Census Compendium^ p. 45): 
" There are now 726,450 persons living in slaveholding States, 
who are natives of non-slaveholding States, and 232,112 per- 
sons living in non-slaveholding States, who are natives of slave- 
holding States. There are 1,866,397 persons of foreign birth in 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



15 



the non-slaTeholding States, and 378,205 in the slaveholding." 
There are then 494,338 more natives of non-slaveholding 
States in slaveholding States, than there are of slaveholding 
in the non-slaveholding States ; while there are 1,488,192 more 
persons of foreign birth in the non-slaveholding than in the 
slaveholding States ; which gives less than a million more per- 
sons residing in non-slaveholding States, who were not bom 
there, than in the slaveholding States, nearly all of whom are 
white inhabitants. The difference is nearly 4,000,000 in the 
aggregate, and more than 7,000,000 in the white population, 
and is not therefore due to this cause. 

The following tables show the white population of the 
several States m 1790, 1820, and 1850: 



TABLE IV. 

White Population of tJie Slave States in 1790, 1820, and 1850. 




16 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE V 
White Population of the Free States in 1790, 1820, and 1850. 



FREE STATES, 

California 

Connecticut 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Maine 

Massachusetts . . . , 

IVIichigan , 

New Hampshire . 

New Jersey 

New York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania ... 
Rhode Island .... 

Vermont 

Wisconsin 

Total 



1790 



1820 



1850 



232,581 



96,002 
373,254 

141,111 

169,954 
314,142 

424,099 
64,689 
85,144 



267,161 

53,788 

145,758 

297,340 
516,419 
8,591 
243,236 
257,409 

1,332,744 
576,572 

1,017,094 

79,413 

234,846 



91,635 
'363,099 
846,034 
977,154 
191,881 
581,813 
985,450 
395,071 
317,456 
465,509 
3,048,325 
1,955,050 
2,258,160 
143,875 
313,402 
304,756 



1,900,976 5,030,377 13,238,670 



The whole number of slaveholders in the Slave States, in 
1850, was 346,048 ; and of this number 173,204 hold less than 
five slaves each, leaving 172,844 who are holders of more than 
four slaves ; and, if we deduct the numbers holding less than 
ten slaves each, there will remam 92,215. The whole number 
of slaveholders, then, is less than 350,000, including females 
and minors. The number of voters in this class is therefore 
much smaller. But, counting them aU as voters, they are less 
than the number of freemen who voted at the last Presidential 
election in New England, even without including Vermont. 
They arc less than the number who voted in either Pennsyl- 
vania or Ohio, and less than two-thirds the number who voted 
in New York. 

The annexed table shows the free colored population of the 
United States. - It will be seen that the number of free colored 
inhabitants in the Free States is 190,010, and in the Slave States 
2* 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 17 

228,128, mingled with a white population of less than half that 
of the Free States. Tliis, of course, does not include the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, in which there are over 10,000 free colored 
persons ; while the number in the Free States includes those in 
New Jersey, in which there are over 23,000, of whom 20,000 
were born in the State. Indeed, if we examme the table 
giving the nativities of the free colored persons, we shall see 
that the number who still reside in the States where they were 
bom is 354,470, out of the whole number, 454,495, which is 
over eighty-one per cent. 

On page 81 of the Census Compendium, in connection with 
a table showing the occupation of the free colored males over 
fifteen years of age, it is stated that in New York city there is 
one in fifty-five engaged in pursuits requiring education ; while 
in New Orleans one in eleven is engaged in similar pur- 
suits. In Connecticut, one in a hundred is thus employed, and 
in Louisiana one in twelve. 

These are the only cities and States compared in this way in 
the Census. It may be a fact a little surprising to some, that, 
while the ratio of the free colored inhabitants engaged in pur- 
suits requiring education in Louisiana is one-twelfth of the 
whole, the ratio of the entire white male population engaged in 
the pursuits in the same State is less than one-eighteenth of 
the whole. 

The increase in the present slaveholding States, from 1840 
to 1850, is 10.49 per cent., and in the non-slaveholding States 
14.98 per cent. ; being four and a half per cent, greater in the 
Free than in the Slave States. The proportion of free colored 
persons to the total population, in some of the States, is quite 
considerable; being greatest in Maryland and Delaware, — 
in the former twelve, and in the latter nineteen per cent. 

Had we not the example of De Bow's Compendium, we 
might be uncertain how to regard the slaves, whether as men, 



18 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE VI. 

Free Colored Population of the United States in the years 1790, 1820, 1850 



Slave States. 


1790 


1820 


1850 


Free States. 


1790 


1820 


1850 


Alabama 

Arka;]Dfias 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

North CaroUna . 
South Carolina. 

Tennessee 

Texas 


3,899 

398 
114 

8,043 

4,975 

1,801 

361 

12,766 


571 

59 

12,958 

2,759 

10,476 

39,730 

458 

347 

14,612 

6,826 

2,727 

36,889 


2,265 

608; 

18,073 

932 

2,931 

10,011 

17,462 

74,723 

930 

2,618 

27,463 

8,960 

6,422 

397 

54,333 


CaliforDia 

Connecticut. . . . 

IlUnois 

Indiana 


2,801 

538 
5,463 

630 
2,762 
4,654 

6,537 

3,469 

255 


7.844 

'457 

1,230 

^9 

6,740 

174 

786 

12,460 

29,279 

4,723 

30,202 

3,554 

903 


962 

7,693 

5,436 

11,262 

333 


Maine 


1,356 


Massachusetts . . 

Michigan 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey .... 

New York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania . . 
Rhode Island... 

Vermont 

Wisconsin 


9,064 

2,583 

620 

23,810 

49,069 

25,279 

53,626 

3,670 

718 

635 


Virginia 






Total 


32,357. 


128,412 


228,128 


JTotal 


27,109 


99,281 


196,016 







to be enumerated as §o many inhabitants, or as so much prop- 
erty, estimated at so much per head ; or, taking a middle course, 
to consider them three-fifths intelligent man, and two-fifths un- 
intelhgent property ; thus realizing what was anciently but a 
fabulous monster, the Centaur, having the head of a man and 
the body of a horse. These three plans are all adopted in the 
Census Compendium. The number of slaves in the present 
as follows : 

657,527 
853,851 
1,158,459 
1,512,553 
2,001,610 
2,481,632 
3,200,304 

From this it will be seen that there has been a constant in- 
crease, until there were, in 1850, over three millions; being 
ahnost one-third of the entire population of the Slave States, — 
more than double the population of either Norway or Den- 



iuiiij^ o Lilies 

In 1790 . 


\SIV6 clt 


" 1800 




" 1810 




" 1820 




*' 1830 




" 1840 




" 1850 





A STATISTICAL VIEW. 19 

mark^ — greater than that of Netherlands, Switzerland, Scot- 
land, or Sweden, — and not quite three hundred thousand less 
than that of Portugal. 

Some very interesting facts may be gathered from the census 
tables with regard to this class. If we examine, for instance, 
the table with regard to the " Increase and Decrease per cent, 
of the Slave Population of the several States at each census" 
(see Appendix), we shall see, what is indeed remarked in the 
Census Compendium, that "the increase of slaves»in the southern 
Atlantic States has only averaged about two per cent per 
annum in iifty years, though averaging eighteen per cent per 
annum in the Gulf States, etc., for the last twenty years." 
Thus, in South Carolina this increase diminished from thirty- 
six per cent in 1790 to seventeen per cent in 1850; and, 
indeed, in 1840 it was but three per cent. In North Carolina 
it is about the same. In Maryland, from an increase it has 
become a decrease, and that, too, at a rapid rate. In Yirgmia 
the ratio of increase has diminished from seventeen to five per 
cent, and generally the ratio of increase has been of late less 
than that of the white population. In the Gulf States, on the 
other hand, the increase has in many instances been immense, 
and much more rapid than that of the white population. The 
cause of this is given by those who have the best opportunity 
to know the facts, as follows : 

Hon. Henry Clay of Kentucky, in a speech, in 1829, before 
the Colonization Society, says : " It is believed that nowhere 
in the farming portion of the United States would slave labor 
be generally employed, if the proprietors were not tempted to 
raise slaves by the high price of the southern markets, which 
keeps it up in his own." 

Professor Dew, once President of William and Mary College 
in Virginia, in his review of the debates in the Virginia Legis- 
lature in 1831-2, says: "From all the information we can 
obtain, we have no hesitation in saying that upwards of six 



20 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

thousand [slaves] are yearly exported [from Virginia] to 
other States." Again: "A full equivalent being thus left in 
the place of the slave, this emigration becomes an advantage 
to the State, and does not check the black population as much 
as, at first view, we might imagine ; because it furnishes every 
inducement to the master to attend to the negroes, to encourage 
breeding, and to. cause the greatest number possible to be 
raised. * * Virginia is, in fact, a negro-raising State for 
other States." • 

The extent of this domestic slave trade is not given in De 
Bow's census tables, but we may, by an easy computation 
from the tables, arrive at something near the truth, so far as 
they are reliable in such matters. 

On page 87 of the Compendium, we find the decennial in- 
crease of Slaves in the United States to be as follows : between 
1790 and 1800, 27.9 ; between 1800 and 1810, 33.4; between 
1810 and 1820, 29.1 ; between 1820 and 1830, 30.6; between 
1830 and 1840, 23.8. The average of these ratios is 28.96. 
In 1840, the slave-exporting States, Delaware, Maryland, Vir- 
ginia, North and South Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee, 
contained 1,479,601 slaves. Had they increased in the ratio 
of 28.96 per cent., the number in 1850 would have been 
1,908,093. The actual number given is 1,689,158, bemg a 
difference of 218,935, or 21,893 for each year, to be accounted 
for. Applying the same rule to the slave-importing states, we 
have the following result : Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisi- 
ana, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Missouri contained in 1840 
1 ,002,031 slaves. Increasing in the ratio of 28.9 6 per cent, their 
number in 1850 would have been 1,292,219. The number 
given in the census is 1,453,035 ; a difference tlie other way of 
160,816, or 16,081 per year, which they had received by im- 
portation. 

The difference of nearly 6,000 between the import and 
export may be accounted for by the following : A writer in 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 21 

the New Orleans Argus, in 1830, says : " The loss by death in 
bringing slaves from a northern climate, which our planters are 
under the necessity of doing, is not less than twenty-five per 
cent." And the planters in those States, when advertising for 
sale a plantation and a lot of negroes, always mention dis- 
tinctly the fact that they are " acchmated " (if that be the case), 
as enhancing their value. 

The number which the figures would seem to indicate as sold 
from the North to the South is no doubt very low ; it certainly 
is so, if we take the estimate of Southern men. The Virginia 
Times, in 1836, estimates the number of slaves exported for 
sale during a single year at forty thousand. 

In 1837, a committee was appointed, by the citizens of 
Mobile, to investigate the causes of the existing pecuniary 
pressure. In their report they say : " So large has been the 
return of slave labor, that purchases by Alabama of that spe- 
cies of property from other States, since 1833, have amounted 
to ten milhons of dollars annually." 

Rev. Dr. Graham, of Fayetteville, North Carolina, said in 
1837: "There were nearly seven thousand slaves offered in 
New Orleans market last winter. From Virginia alone, six 
thousand were annually sent to the South ; and from Virginia 
and North CaroKna there had gone to the South, in the last 
twenty years, three hundred thousand slaves." 

]Vlr. Gholson, of Virginia, in a speech in the Legislature of 
that State, January 18, 1831, says: "It has always (perhaps 
erroneously) been considered, by steady and old-fasliioned 
people, that the owner of land had a reasonable right to its 
annual profits ; the owner of orchids to their annual fruits ; 
the owners of brood mares to their product ; and the owners 
of female slaves to their increase. We have not the fine- 
spun intelligence nor legal acumen to discover the technical 
distinctions drawn by some gentlemen. The legal maxim 
of partus sequitur ventrem is coeval with the existence 
of the right of property itself, and is founded in wisdom and 



22 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

justice. It is on the justice and inviolability of this maxim 
that the master forgoes the service of the female slave, has her 
nursed and attended during the period of her gestation, and 
raises the helpless infant offspring. The value of the property 
justifies the expense, and I do not hesitate to say that in its 
increase consists much of our wealth." 

The following, copied from a recent number of the Richmond 
lyispatch, will show the present condition of the trade : 

"High Price for Slaves. — There has been a greater 
demand for slaves in this city, during the months of May, June 
and July, than ever known before, and they have commanded 
better prices during that time. The latter is an unusual thing, 
as the summer months are generally the dullest in the year for 
that description of property. Prime field hands (women) will 
now bring from $1,000 to $1,100, and men from $1,250 to 
$1,500. Not long since, a likely negro girl sold in this city, at 
private sale^ for $1,700. A large number of negroes are 
bought on speculation, and probably there is not less than 
$1,000,000 in town, now, seeking investure in such property." 

From the above, and similar sources of information, we may 
safely estimate the number of slaves annually sold from the 
Northern Slave States to the Southern at 25,000. An interesting 
feature of this traffic will appear on examination of the Census 
Tahle. showing; the " ratio of ages of the slaves in 1850." * 

In the States of Maryland, Vii'gmia, North Carolina, and 
South Cai'ohna, the iverage number of slaves between twenty 
and thirty years of age is 16.72 per cent. In the States of 
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida, Arkansas, Louisi- 
ana, and Texas, the number between the same ages is 19.29 
per cent. In like manner, in the four first-mentioned States the 
average number between thirty and forty years of age is 10.27 
per cent, and in the seven last mentioned it is 11.94 per cent. 

* Sec Ctnms Compend.^ pp. 89-90. 



A' STATISTICAL VIEW. 23 

On the other hand, the number between sixty and seventy 
years of age is, in the four exporting States, 2.76 per cent, 
and in the seven importing States, 1.94 per cent ; also, between 
seventy and eighty years old, the number is, in the first four 
1.16, and in the others but .55 per cent. Showing that in the 
slave-importing States the number of slaves between twenty 
and forty years of age is at least fifteen per cent greater than 
in the exporting ; while, on the other hand, in the slave-ex- 
porting States, the number of slaves between sixty and eighty 
years of age is more than fifty per cent greater than in the 
importing. This is the more remarkable, since exactly the 
reverse is true of the free colored population in those same 
States, as will be seen by a similar analysis of the table on 
page 75 of the Compendium. 

Another "fact with regard to the slave population of the 
South, and one which must soon become of great interest, is 
the increasing ratio of the slave to the free population. By a 
table on the 85th page of the Compendium^ it ^vill be seen 
that, in the words of the Ceyisus Report, " while the proportion 
has been increasing for the slaves in the Southern States gen- 
erally, it has decreased in Virginia, Maryland, the District 
of Columbia, and IMissouri." Indeed, it has increased in most, 
until it has become in Arkansas (omitting fractions), 22 per 
cent ; in Alabama and Florida 44 per cent ; in Louisiana 47 
per cent; in IMississippi 51 per cent; and in South Carolina 
57 per cent of the whole population ; whereas it was, in 1800, 
in IMississippi but 39 per cent, and in South Carolina but 42 
per cent ; and a similar increase of the ratio of the slave to 
the entire population will be found in aU the Southern Slave 
States. 

* See Appendix, 



CHAPTER III. 



POPULAR REPRESENTATION. 



The following tables present the subject of Popular Repre- 
sentation in a very plain and simple manner, showing the white 
population, free colored, and total free population, and the 
popular vote cast in 1852. They also show the number of 
representatives in Congress, and the electoral votes, both as 
they now are and as they would be were freemen only 
represented. 



TABLE VII. 

Political View of the Slave States. 



Slavb 
States. 


White 
Population. 


§1 


Total Free 
Population. 


II 


5-1 
11 


Representatives 

were not Slaves 

represented. 


Is- 

o eL 

^-^ 


m 

HI 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

Missispippi .... 

Missouri 

North Carolina. 
South Carolina. 

Tennessee 

Texaa 


426,514 
162,189 
71,169 
47,203 
521,572 
761,413 
255,491 
417,943 
295,718 
592.004 
553;028 
274,563 
756,836 
154,034 
894,800 


2,265 

608 

18,073 

932 

2,931 

10,011 

17,462 

74,723 

930 

2,618 

27,463 

8,960 

6,422 

397 

54,333 


428,779 
162,797 
89,242 
48,135 
524,503 
771,424 
272,953 
492,666 
296,648 
594,622 
580,491 
283,523 
763,258 
154,431 
949,133 


41,919 
19,577 
12,673 
7,193 
51,365 
111,139 
35,902 
75,153 

65,586 
78,861 

115,916 

18,547 
129,545 


7 
2 
1 
1 
8 

10 
4 
6 
5 
7 
8 
6 

10 
2 

13 


5 
2 

\ 

6 
9 
3 
6 
3 
7 
7 
3 
9 
2 
11 


9 
4 
3 
3 

10 

12 
6 
8 
7 
9 

10 
8 

12 
4 

15 


7 
4 
3 
3 
8 

11 
5 
8 
5 
9 
9 
5 

11 
4 


Virginia 


13 


Total 


6,184,477 


228,128 


6,412,605 


807,800 


90 


75 


120 


105 







24 



A STATISTICAL TIEW. 



25 



TABLE Vin. 

Political \lew of the Free States. 



Free 
States. 


White 
Population. 




Total Free 
Population. 


1 1 

i - 


pi 

i i: 

?° o" 

p 


« 5 " 

M O Q 

TO CTt-p 


Electoral Vote 

were not Slaves 

represented. 

Electoral Vote 
as it now is. 


California 

Connecticut . . 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 


91,635 
363;099 
846,034 
977,154 
191,881 
58i;813 
985,450 
395,071 
817,456 
465.509 
3,048,325 
1,955.050 
2,258;i60 
143,875 
313,402 
304,756 


962 

7,693 

5,436 

11.262 

333 

1,356 

9,064 

2,583 

620 

23,810 

49,069 

25.279 

53,626 

3,670 

718 

635 


92,597 
370,792 
851,470 
988,416 
192,214 
5S3:i69 
994.514 
397,654 
317,976 
489.319 
3.097;394 
i:9S0.329 
2,811,786 
147,545 
314,120 
305:391 


74,736 

68,768 

155,497 

183,134 

16,845 

82,182 

132,936 

82.939 

52.839 

83,211 

522,294 

353,428 

386.214 

17,005 

43.838 

64,712 


2 

4 
9 

11 

2 
6 
11 
4 
3 
5 

33 

21 

25 

2 

3 

3 


2 

4 
10 
12 

2 

7 

12 

5 
4 

23 

27 

2 

4 

3 


4 
6 
11 
13 
4 
8 

13 
6 
5 
7 

35 

23 

27 

4 

5 

5 


4 

6 

12 

14 

4 


Maine 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

N. Hampshire. 
New Jersey . . . 
New York .... 
Ohio 


9 
14 

7 
6 
8 

83 
25 


Pennsylvania . 
Rhode Island . 

Vermont 

Wisconsin .... 


29 
4 
6 
5 


Total 


13,238,670 


196,016 


13,434,686 


2,318,578 


144 


159 


17G 


191 



It will be recollected that the area of the Slave States is 
851,448 square miles, and that of the Free States 012,597. 
The white population of the Slave States is 6,184,477, and of 
the Free States 13,238,G70. The number of free inhabitants 
in the Slave States is 6,412,605, and in the Free States 
13,434,686. The number of freemen in the Free States is, 
therefore, over 600,000 more than double the number in the 
Slave States. 

The representation in Congress is, from the Slave States 
ninety members, representing the 6,000,000 ; and from the 
Free States one hundred and forty-four, representing the 
13,000,000. This discrepancy between population and repre- 
sentation arises from the fact that, in determining the number 
of representatives to wliich each State is entitled, five slaves 
are reckoned equal to three freemen. The 3,200,304 slaves, 
therefore, in the Slave States are reckoned equal to l,920,182f 

3 



2G THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

freemen, and are represented accordingly. The slaves of tlie 
South have, therefore, a representation equal to that of the 
Free States of New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Iowa, 
and "Wisconsin. 

Without the representation allowed to slave property, the 
number of representatives from the Slave States would be 
seventy-five, insteated of nm ety; and from the Free vStates 
one hundred and fifty-nine, instead of one hundred and forty- 
four ; a gain of tliirty in favor of the Free States, making their 
representation double that of tlie Slave States, even without 
the representation of Rhode Island, Wisconsin, California, and 
Iov>'a.* 

By such a change, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, 
and Tennessee, would lose one representative each ; Alabama, 
Georgia, Virginia, and Mississippi, two each ; and South Caro- 
lina thi^ee. Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, New Hamp- 
shire, New Jersey and Vermont would each gain one ; Ohio 
and Pennsylvania two, and New York three. 

The free population of the whole fifteen Slave States is not 
9,000 more than that of the tlu-ee States of New York, Penn- 
sylvania and Massachusetts. These three States have now 
sixty-nine representatives. 

The popular vote cast at the last Presidential election, 
(1852) in the Slave States was 807,800 ; in the Free States 
2,318,578 — a majority in favor of the latter of 1,510,778, and 
a ratio of almost three to one. The aggregate vote of the 
following eleven States, viz : Maryland, Virginia, North Caro- 
lina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, Ar- 
liansas, DclaAvare, and Texas, was less than that of the single 
State of New York ; th^ total vote of all these States being 
515,159, while that of New York was 522,294; and yet, 

*It v.'ill be scon- that in tlic late severe contests in the House of Repre- 
sentatives, had freemen only been represented, the question would invari- 
ablv have been decided in favor of the North. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW 

according to tlie present system of representation, these Srun ■ 
are entitled to seventy-nine electoral votes, and New York tu 
only thirty-five. 

The three States, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, or 
even the two States of Pennsylvania and New York, cast a 
popular vote larger, by more than 60,000, than all the Slave 
States. The three first named States have sixty-three electurai 
votes ; the last two have sixty-two ; and the fifteen Slave St^Hes 
one hundred and twenty ! 

In the North, 93,296 freemen and 1.6,101 voters are required 
to elect a representative to Congress. In the South, only 
71,251 freemen and 8,976 voters. A President elected by the 
Northern votes over a candidate receiving the Southern votes 
would have a popular majority of 1,510,778 votes, or about 
twice the number of votes ever cast by the South. 

A President elected by the South, with the votes of States 
enough in the North to elect him, would not be chosen by the 
majority. Thus, suppose a candidate to receive every vote in the 
South (one hundred and twenty electoral votes), and the votes 
of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island 
(thirty electoral votes), this would give him one hundred and 
fifty electoral votes to one hundred and forty-six against him ; 
but the popular majority against him would be almost a million 
of votes, or more than the whole Southern vote, as will be seen by 
the table, the South having 807,800 voters, and the Free States 
mentioned, 284,962; being a total of 1,092,762 votes; while 
the remaining Free States, casting but one hundred and forty-six 
electoral votes, would have a popular vote of 2,033,616, which 
is a majority of 940,854. K a President were so elected, 
would the North and the Northwest be justified in dissolving 
the Union therefor ? 

Or, again : suppose a President elected by the vote of the 
South and the vote of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the 
electoral vote would be one hundred and fifty-four for him and 



28 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

one hundred and forty-two against Mm ; the popular vote would 
be 1,277,225 for him, and 1,849,153 against him — or a majority 
of 571,928 votes, which is about three-quarters of the whole 
yote of the South. "Would the Northeast and Northwest 
probably dissolve the Union on such a result ? 



CHAPTER IV. 



AGRICULTUIIE. 



The tables found m this chapter show the condition of 
agriculture m the United States for the year endhig June, 

1850, when no other date is given. 

Tables IX., X., show the number of fai-ms and plantations, 
acres of cultivated land, value of the same, value per acre, 
value of farm implements and machinery, and whole area, in 
acres, of the several Free and Slave States. California is 
necessarily omitted from the list of the Free States, because of 
the defective returns of the marshals for that State. This 
omission can only be supphed by taking the State valuation for 
1852, the first made by the State authority. In that year 
there were assessed for taxation in California, 6,719,442 acres 
of land, valued at $35,879,920, or $5.34 per acre. 

In Table X., there is an evident and remarkable error — - 
either of the marshals, or of the compiler of the census returns 
— in regard to the . value of farms in South Carolina. This 
table, carefully copied from the Compendium of the Census, 
gives for South Carolina : 
Acres improved and unimproved land, . . 16,217,600 

Valued at, $82,431,684 

" per acre, $5.08 

Now the true value of lands in South Carolina is shown by 
its State valuation to differ essentially from this. Thus, in 

1851, there were assessed for taxation in South Carolina 
(American Almanac for 1853, p. 278) : 

Acres ©f land, 17,073,412 

Valued at, $23,952,679 

" per acre, . . . . . . $1.40 

3* (29) 



30 



THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. 






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A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



31 



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32 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



292,231,880 

108,082,774 

184,149,106 

$2,143,344,437 

$19.83 



In 1854 (American Almanac for 1856, p. 293), there were 
assessed for taxation : 
Acres of land, . . . ... . 17,289,359 

Valued at *. . $22,836,374 

" per acre, $1.32 

As to general results, tlie error in the South Carolina return 
and the omission of Califoinia will about balance each other. 
By Table rX. it will be seen that the whole area 
in acres of the Free States, not including 
Cahfomia, is . . 
Number of acres under cultivation, 

" of acres not under cultivation, 
Value of the lands under cultivation, 

" per acre, . . . - 

Whole area of the Slave States (including 

South Carolina, according to the incorrect 

census figures) 544,742,926 

Number of acres under cultivation, . . 180,572,292 

" of acres not under cultivation, . . 364,170,634 

Value of the land under cultivation, . . $1,117,649,649 

" per acre, . . . . . . $6.18 

Including only the lands under cultivation in the two sections, 
the value per acre in the North is more than three times that 
of the South. Including the whole area, the proportion is still 
larger. 

The value per acre of land in the States, on the dividing 
line between freedom and slavery, is suggestive — thus, in the 
Free States, the value of farms per acre is as follows, viz : 
New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, 

Indiana, . 
Illinois, . 



Average, 



$43 67 


27 27 


19 99 


10 66 


7 99 



$22 17 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



33 



In the border Slave States the value is as follows, viz : 
Delaware, 
Maryland, 
Virginia, . 
Kentucky, 
Missouri, 



. 18 


81 


8 


27 


9 


03 


6 


49 



Average, 



$9 25 



Take those Slave States which, by position, population, or 
intercourse, feel least the influence of the Free States. Thus, 
the value of farms per acre is. 



m 



North Carolina, 
South Carolina, 
Tennessee, 
Florida, . 
Georgia, . 
Alabama, 
Arkansas, 
Texas, 
Mississippi, 

Average, 



$3 24 


1 32 


5 16 


3 97 


4 19 


5 30 


"5 87 


1 44 


5 22 



74 



Table XL shows the value of the agricultural pro- 
ductions of the several Free States and Slave States for 
the year 1840. It is taken from the Annual Report of 
the Secretary of the Treasury on the Finances for 1854-5. 
It is understood that the articles of wheat (54,770,311 bushels 
in the Free States and 30,052,961 bushels in the Slave States), 
sugar (31,010,234 pounds in the Free States and 124,090,566 
pounds in the Slave States), and molasses, are not included. 

Table XII. has been prepared with great labor. In the 
first two columns are given the amount and value of live stock, 
and the amount of agricultural products, in the Free and Slave 
12 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TAELE XI. 



Statement of the Value of the Agricultural Productions of the Free and of 
the Slave States for the year 1840. 



FKEE STATES. 



Connecticut $11,201,618 

Illinois 11,577,281 

Indiana 14,484,610 

Maine 14,725,615 

Massachusetts 14,371,732 

Michi.iian 3,207,048 

New Hampshire . 10,702,019 

New Jersey 15,314,006 

New York 91,244,178 

Ohio 27,212,004 

Pennsylvania 51,232,204 

Rhode Island 1,951,141 

Vermont 16,977,664 

Iowa 688,308 

Wisconsin 445,559 

Total $285,394,987 



SLATE STATES. 



Alabama $23,833,470 

Arkansas 4,973,655 

Delaware 2,877,350 

Georgia " 29,612,436 

Kentucky 20,233,968 

Louisiana 17,976,017 

Maryland 14,015,665 

Mississippi 26,297,666 

Mssouri 9,755,615 

North Carolina 24,727,297 

South Carolina 20,555,919 

Tennessee 27,917,692 

Virginia 48,044,905 

Florida 1,817,718 

Total .$279,239,373 



States, for the years 1840 and 1850. In the third and fourth 
columns are given the values according to the calculations of 
De Bow, in which the products of the North and the South are 
calculated at the same prices, which calculation is unfavorable 
to the North. 

As to those products whose value is given by De Bow 
(Census Compendium, p. 176), in the aggregate, their value 
has been distributed as follows, viz : 

-Eggs and feathers, according to the relative amount of 
poultry in the North and South in 1840. 

JlIiU:, according to amount of butter and cheese in each sec- 
tion in 1850. 

Annual increase of stock and cattle, sheep and pigs, wider 
one year old, according to value of live stock in 1850. 

licsidaum of crops, manure, etc., according to population. 

Small crops, as carrots, etc., one-fourth to the South and 
three-fourths to the North. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 35 

In the fifth and sixth columns are given the values according 
to the prices in Andrews' voluminous Report on Trade and 
Commerce, made -August 19, 1852. The prices are the same 
for the two sections. The aggregate products have been dis- 
tributed according to the best authorities and information which 
could be obtained. 

In the seventh and eighth columns are given the average 
crops per acre in the two sections "as returned by the marshals 
in 1850. 

''The quantity of wheat in 1850," says De Bow, "is be- 
lieved to be under-stated, and the crop was also short.' 
" Investigations undertaken by the State legislatures and agri- 
cultural societies," sajs Andrews (Beport, p. 696), '-prove that 
the aggregate production of wheat reported in the census tables 
was below the average crop by at least 30,000,000 bushels." 
It seems fair to add to our table for "understatement" the 
amount of 15,000,000 bushels,* which distributed accordmg 
to production would give Free States, 10,823,899 bushels ; 
value $10,823,899; Slave States, 4,176,101 bushels; value, 
$4,176,101. 

Of hemp and flax, De Bow says: "It is impossible to 
reconcile the hemp and flax returns of 1840 and 1850. No 
doubt in both cases, tons and pounds have often been con- 
founded. In a few of the States, such as Indiana and lUinois, 
the returns of 1850 were rejected altogether for insufficiency." 

* The following are the census returns of wheat, in five large wheat- 
gro^ymg counties in Ohio, for 1850, and the returns made by the State 
authorities for the same year : 

Counties. Census Returns. State Returns. 

Stark, bushels, 590,594 1,071,177 

Wayne, " 571,377 1,020,000 

?>Iuskingum, " 415,847 1,003,000 

Licking, " 336,317 849,110 

Coshocton " 416,918 ". . . . 852,809 



2,331,053 4,806,193 



36 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



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38 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Add, then, for "insufficiency" of returns, to the amount of 
hemp and flax for these two States enough" to make their 
production in 1850 equal it m 1840, and its value wiU be, at 
six cents per pound, $1,225,138. With these corrections, the 
grand aggregate of the agricultural products of the United 
States, for the year ending June, 1850, will he, using Andrews' 
prices, — 

Free States, $858,634,334 

Slave States, ..... 031,277,417 



Total, 



$1,489,911,751 



The following is a list of the prices of leading products in 
the foregoing table, by De Bow, and Andrews : 



bushel. 



Indian com, 

Wheat, 

Oats, 

Irish potatoes. 

Sweet " 

Rye, 

Peas and beans, " 

Cotton, bale of 4QP pounds, 

Cane sugar, hhds. of 1000 lbs 

Maple sugar, pound. 

Butter, " 

Rice, ^' 

Hay, ton, 

Hemp, " 

Wool, pound. 

Tobacco, " 

Flax, 



S 50 

1 00 

30 

40 

50 

55 

62^ 

40 32^ 

52 20 

5 

16 

2 

7 00 

150 47 

30 

7 

10 



$ 60 

1 00 

44 

• 75 

80 

89 

80 

40 00 

40 00 

5 

20 

3 

12 50 

136 00 

50 

6 

6 



A glance at the prices of De Bow will satisfy any one that, 
if they be fair , for Virginia, Tennessee, and the South gener- 
ally, and for Illinois, Missouri, and the West, they cannot be 
for New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 39 

Thus of Indian corn, wliicli De Bow calls 50 cents per 
busliel. K Southern and "Western corn be worth that price 
where it is raised, Northern and Eastern com must be worth 
at least 75 cents. So of wheat, which De Bow puts at a 
dollar. If that be fair for Tennessee, Missouri, and Illinois, a 
dollar and twenty-five cents is a moderate price for the North- 
em and Eastern States mentioned. So of oats, rye, potatoes, 
hay, wool, peas and beans, and some other products. There 
should be added then to De Bow's aggregates, for the products 
of New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 
as follows, viz : 



Indian corn. 


56,639,174 bush, at 25 cts. 


$14,159,793 


Wheat, 


31,183,273 " 25 


7,795,818 


Oats, 


59,570,301 " 15 


8,935,545 


Rye, 


11,779,509 " 20 


2,355,902 


Potatoes, 


44,204,441 " 35 


15,471,554 


Hay, 


9,471,369 tons, $7 00 


66,299,573 


Wool, 


22,283,776 lbs. 10 


2,228,377 


Peas and beans, 


1,261,732 bush. 50 


630,866 


Total, 


$117,877,428 



This list might be extended stiU 'further. Adding this 
amount to the aggregates, according to De Bow's figures, and 
the total amount will be, — 

Free States, . . . . . $827,054,955 
Slave States, .... 634,570,057 



Total, $1,461,625,012 

This is not essentially different from the result arrived at by 
taking Andrews' prices. By neither mode of calculation is 
fuU justice done to the North. 

VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS, PER ACRE, IN 1850 

The value of agricultural productions per acre for 1850 is 



40 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

obtained by dividing the total product "by the number of acres 
of land under cultivation. Thus, — 

FREE STATES. 

Number of acres in farms, .... 108,193,522 

Agricultural product, $858,634,334 

Product per acre, $7,94 

SLAVE STATES. 

Number of acres in farms and plantations, . 180,572,392 
Agricultural product, ..... $631,277,417 
Product per acre, . . . . . . $3.49 

VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, PER HEAD, IN 1850, 

No enumeration was made in 1850 of the whole number of 
persons engaged in agriculture, as was done in 1840, and the 
returns for the latter year must therefore be the basis of our 
calculation for 1850, as to the number, and the consequent 
value, of the products per head in the two sections of our 
country. " Assuming, then, that in the North the proportion of 
the whole population of those engaged in agriculture was the 
same in 1850 as m 1840, and that in the South the proportion 
of the free population thus engaged was no larger than in the 
North, we have the following result, viz : 

* FREE STATES. 

Whole number engaged in agriculture in 1850, 2,509,126 

Value of agricultural products, . . . $858,634,334 

Value per head, ...... $342 

SLAVE STATES. 

Number of free population engaged in agricul- 
ture in 1850, 1,197,649 

Number of slaves engaged in agriculture in 1850, 2,500,000 



Total, 3,697,649 

Value of agricultural products, . . . $631,277,417 
Vahie per head $171 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 41 

De Bow says of the slave population of 185(^ (Census Com- 
pendium, p. 94), there are "about 2,500,000 slaves directly 
employed in agriculture." This is a small estimate, and the 
number given above (1,197,649) of the 6,412,605 free popula- 
tion of the South engaged in agriculture is very small. With 
the little manufactures and commerce of the South, what are 
the people of that region engaged in ? But, under protest, we 
adopt the above conclusions. This, then, is the grand result in 
the department of agriculture, the peculiar province of the 
South: 

The North, with half as much land under cultivation, and 
tviO'thirds as many persons engaged in farming, produces two 
hundred and twenty-seven millions of dollars worth of agricultural 
products in a year more than the South ; twice as much on an 
acre, and more than double the value per head for every person 
engaged in farming. 

And this, while the South, paying nothing for its labor, 
has better land, a monopoly of cotton, rice, cane sugar, and 
nearly so of tobacco and hemp, and a climate granting two and 
sometimes three crops in a year. Nor does a comparison of the 
products of 1850 with those of 1840 afford any ground for 
hope for the South, A recurrence to Table XI. will show 
that, excluding wheat, sugar, and molasses from the aggregate? 
the production of the South for 1840 was nearly equal that of 
the North. Perhaps in 1830 it was greater. 

Table XIII. gives the population, white and slave, number of 
acres of land, value of farms, value of land per acre, number 
of students and scholars in public and private schools, and the 
number of whites over twenty unable to read and write, in the 
counties in the several States on the dividing line between the 
Free and Slave States, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. 
The statistics are from De Bow's Compendium of the Census 
of 1850. The table is an important one, and deserves a more 
extended consideration than can be given it in this work. 
4* 



42 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



ji's: 



c e <u 

O <ii o 












3 .0 ^^ 






No. of Whites 
over 20 unable 
to read & write. 



No. of TMiites 

over 5 and 

under 20 

years old. 



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Schools during ^^^^^^^^^^l^^g^g^^^ 
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30IX) 
I 00 CD 



Pupils in 

Colleges, Acad- 



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vate Schools. 



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Value of Farms 
per Acre. 



Value of 

Improved and 

Unimproved 

Land 

in 1850. 



Acres of 

Improved and 

Unimproved 

Land 

in 1850. 



Slaves 
in 1850. 



White 

Population 

in 1850. 



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A STATISTICAL VIEW. 48 

In proportion to the wMte population, these border counties 
of the Slave States contain the following per cent of slaves, viz : 

Delaware, 1 per cent. 

Maryland, . . . . .5 " 

Yirginia, ...... 2 " 

Kentucky, 21 " 

The remaining counties of the same States give the follow- 
ing, viz : 

Delaware, 8 per cent. 

Maryland, . . . .' .71 " 
Virginia, . . . . . 59 " 
Kentucky, 31 "' 

The value of lands per acre will be seen by an examination 
of the table ; and it ^oU be noticed, that, with the exception of 
the broken region of Virginia, which lies adjacent to Ohio, and 
that of Kentucky, which lies adjacent to Illinois, the value of 
lands per acre in the counties of the Slave States adjoining the 
Free is greater than that of the remaining counties of their 
respective States. The opposite is true, generally, of the 
border counties of the Free States, Thus, the effects of 
freedom and slavery on the value of the adjacent lands is 
reciprocal. The neighborhood of slavery lessens their value in 
the Free States ; the neighborhood of freedom increases it in 
the Slave States. To such an extent is this true, that, in Vir- 
ginia, for example, the lands in counties naturally poor, are, by 
the proximity of freedom, rendered more valuable than those 
unequalled lands in the better portions of the State. In- 
deed, this table shows the fact that the lands in the border 
counties of the Slave States are worth more per acre than the 
remaining lands in the same States, with the addition of the 
value of the whole number of their slaves at $400 per head. 
And this, be it remembered, while the value of lands in the 
balance of the counties of the border Slave States is double 
that of the lands in the Slave States not adjacent to the Free. 
It is for the interest of the Slave States to be hedged in by a 



44 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

circle of Free States. If Tennessee had been a Free State, 
lier lands would have been worth as much as those of Ohio, — 
$19.99 per acre, instead of $5.16 as now, — and who cannot 
see that, in that event, the lands of North Carolina, South 
Carolina, and Georgia would have been worth more per acre 
than the sums of $3.24, $1.40, $4.19, respectively. Not only 
could Tennessee afford to sacrifice the whole value of her slaves 
for the sake of freedom, but even North Carolina, South Caro^ 
lina, and Georgia could afford to sacrifice the whole value of 
their own slaves, and pay for aU of the slaves in Tennessee for 
the sake of having a free neighbor. The increased value of 
lands would more than compensate for the sacrifice. The 
figures prove this. 

Tennessee has 18,984,022 acres of land under cultivation, 
worth $5.16 per acre. Multiply this number of acres by 
$14.83 (the difference between the value of lands in Tennessee 
and Ohio), and the amount is, ... $281,533,046 

Tennessee has 239,459 slaves ; value, at $400 

each, . . . . . . . 95,783,600 

This leaves the respectable margin of . . 185,749,446 
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia 

have 60,891,774 acres of land, worth $3 08 

per acre. Multiply this number of acres by 

$15.73 (the difference in value between the 

lands ia these States and the border Slave 

State of Maryland), and the amount is . $957,827,605 

Number of slaves hi these States, . . . 1,055,214 

Value at $400 each, $422,085,600 

Value of slaves in Tennessee, as above, . . 95,783,600 



Total, $517,869,200 

Deducting this from the increased value of 
lands, and the balance in favor of free neigh- 
bors is the sum of $439,958,405 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 45 

Thus, the figures show that Tennessee could afford, for the 
sake of freedom, to sacrifice the whole value of her quarter of 
a million of slaves, and pay in addition the sum of $185,749,446. 
For the sake of a free neighbor, and to bring up their lands to 
the value of those of Maryland, the States of North and South 
Carolina, and Georgia, could afford to sacrifice the whole of 
their own slaves, pay for those of Tennessee, and make 
$439,958,405 by the bargain, which sum is considerably more 
than twice the present value of all their lands. Nay, these 
States could afford to send off, singly, every slave within their 
limits, in a coach with two horses, and provisions for a year, if 
they could but bring up the value of their lands to that of the 
land in northern Maryland. Indignation, and patriotism, and 
dissolution of the Union, indeed, if a fugitive now and then be 
not reclaimed ! South Carolina could afford to pay every year 
more money than she spent in the whole Revolutionary war, 
to make her whole number of slaves fugitives ; and then make 
money enough by the transaction to fence in the whole State 
with a picket fence, to prevent their return. 

NEW ENGLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND VIRGINIA. 

Comparisons between portions of the North and the South 
can be made to any extent. A few are added, with such sug- 
gestions as seem proper. 

Table XIV. is a comparison between the States of Rhode 
Island and Connecticut, and an equal extent of cultivated lands 
in certain counties of South Carolina. The table includes the 
city of Charleston. The comparison extends to the value of 
lands, population, value of agricultural and manufactured pro- 
ducts, commerce, and education. . ^he value of lands in the 
South Carolina counties is the fictitious one of De Bow's Com- 
pendium, and not the real one of the State valuation. 

The portions compared in Table XIY. are of equal age as weU 
as extent. The free portion has eleven times the white popu- 
lation ; nearly four times the total population of white and slave. 
Its lands are worth six times as much, and twice as much after 



4G 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 












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Scholars in Pnblic 
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Students in Colleges, 
Academies, and Pri- 
vate Schools, 1850. 



Tonnage buUt dur- 
ing the year ending 
June 30, 1855. 



Tonnage owned 
June 30, 1855. 



Value of 

Manufactures 

in 1850. 



Value of Agricultural 

Products in 1850, 
according to De Bow 



Value of Slaves 
at SiOO each. 



Value of Slaves per 
acre, at $p4:00 each. 



Slaves in 1850. 



White Population 
in 1850. 



Cash Value of Farms 
per acre, 1850. 



Cash Value of Farms 
in 1850. 



Acres of 

Unimproved Land 

in 1850. 



Acres of • 
Improved Laud 
in 1850. 



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III 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 47 

adding to the value of tte lands the whole value of the slaves in 
this most intensely slave portion of the Union, at the rate of $400 
for each slave. The value of the agricultural products of Con- 
necticut and Rhode Island is four times as great as that of those 
of this^ portion of Carolina, although the latter has the monopoly 
ahnost of the rice-producing region. Of the value of the 
Carolina products, one-third is cotton ; and here is the place to 
say, that it is owing to the invention of a Massachusetts man 
that the South is able to raise its cotton at all at this time. If 
the South had been obliged to clean cotton by hand, at the rate 
of a pound a day for each slave, as before the invention of 
Whitney, the whole cotton-producing region would have been 
bankrupt. The treatment which the Northern inventor received 
at the hands of those Southrons, whose fortunes he Kad made, 
is a sad portion of history. Before his patent was- obtained, a 
mob of the chivalry (who despise so heartily and magnificently 
a money-making, peddling Yankee) broke open the building in 
which his machine was placed, carried off the machine, and 
made others from it ; and, before he could go through the formal- 
ities of getting his patent, several machines were in successful 
operation on the plantations of different gentlemen. In the 
Georgia courts, Whitney'* rights were decided against, on the 
ground mainly that, as " the introduction of the gin would open 
up boundless resources of wealth to the planters, it was too 
great a power to allow any one man a monopoly of the right to 
furnish the machines." South Carolina agreed to pay $50,000 
for the invention, paid $20,000 down, then repudiated the con- 
tract, sued Whitney and his partner for the money paid, and 
cast the latter into prison. Afterwards, this action was reversed 
and the contract fulfilled. The action of Tennessee was similar 
to that of South Carolina, without the repentance. North 
Carolina did better, and was faithful to its contract. After 
years of litigation, Whitney got a decision in his favor in the 
United States Court ; but meantime his patent was nearly out, 
and his appKcation for a renewal was denied by the votes of 
those whose fortunes he had made. In Georgia, in the courts. 



48 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

witnesses, judges, and juries gave way, in spite of law and 
evidence, before the rapacity of the planters. "In one in- 
stance," says AVliitney, "I had great difficulty in proving 
that the machine had been used in Georgia, although at the 
same moment there were three separate sets of this machinery 
in motion within fifty yards of the building in which th^ court 
sat, and all so near that the rattling of the wheels was distinctly 
heard on the steps of the court-house." 

To return to table XIV. In manufactures, the North has 
more than twenty times ; in tonnage owned in 1855, three 
times ; and in tonnage built in the same year, three hundred 
and fifty times as much as the South. The " tonnage built " 
in 1855, in South Carolina, consisted of one schooner of sixty- 
one tons burden. This is since the sitting of several Southern 
conventions, in which they resolved to have an extensive com- 
merce of their own, not only with Europe, but with Brazil and 
Central America. As to education, the New England figures 
are twenty times as large as those of CaroUna. 

Table XY. is a comparison between Massachusetts and an 
equal extent of territory in Virginia. The portion of Virginia 
taken is the southeastern, from the Atlantic to the mountains. 
It includes Norfolk, the commercial capital of Virginia, and the 
land taken is naturally as good as that of other parts of the 
State, and much better than the lands in Massachusetts. The 
age of the two sections is about the same. As compared with 
Virginia, the white population in Massachusetts is ten times as 
great, and five times as great as its total white and slave. Her 
lands are worth nearly six times as much per acre, and almost 
twice as much as the hmds and slaves of the Virginia counties 
added together, although they constitute the most dense slave 
section of the State (the slaves being worth twice as much as 
the lands and buildings). The agricultural products of Massa- 
chusetts, at De Bow's prices, are nearly double those of the 
Virginia counties, while her manufacturing products are more 
than forty times as groat, and eight times as much in a single year 
as the whole value of this gi-eat portion of Virginia, including 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



49 






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Pupils in Colleges, 
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Amount of Tonnage 
Built in 1855. 



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June 30, .1856. 



Value of 
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1850. 



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1850, according to 
DeBow. 



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at ^00 per Slave. 



Value of Slaves 

per Acre 
at ^100 per Slave. 



Slaves in 1850. 



White Population 
in 1850. 



Cash Value of 

Farms per acre 

in 1850. 



Cash value of 
Farms 
in 1850. 



Acres of 

Unimproved Land 

in 1850. 



Acres of 

Improved Land 

in 1850. 



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Counties in Virginia 

of area equal to the 

state of 

Massachusetts. 



tJO 



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5l 

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50 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



its commercial capital. Tonnage owned, Massachusetts twenty- 
eiglit parts, Virginia one part; tonnage built in 1855, Massa- 
cliusetts tliirty-seven parts, Virginia one part. Education, 
scliolars, Massachusetts twenty-one pai'ts, Virginia one part. 

TAELE XVI. 

Population, Crops, and other Statistics of Plymouth and Norfolk Counties, 
in Massachusetts, and James City and Westmoreland Counties, in Virginia, 
for the year 1850. 



Population, Crops, &c. 



Plymouth 

County, 
Mass. 



James City 

County, 

Va. 



Norfolk 

County, 

Mass. 



We?tmore- 

land 
County, Va. 



Whites •• 

Free Colored. , 

Slaves 

Total 

Dwellings 

"Whites between the ages of 5 and 20 
Pupils in pubhc & private schools 
Natives unable to read and write, 

over 20 years of age 

Number of Farms 

Acres of Improved Land 

Acres of Unimproved Land ...... 

Value of Farms 

Value of Farms per acre 

Number of Horses and Mules. . . . 

" " Neat Cattle 

" " Sheep 

" " Swine 

Wheat, bushels 

Itye, " 

Oats, " 

Indian Com, bushels 

Irish Potatoes, " 

Sweet Potatoes, " 

Peas and Beans, " 

Parley, " 

Puckwheat, " •. 

Butter, pounds 

Cheese, " 

Hay, tons 

Hops, pounds 

Clover Seed, bushels 

Other Grass P»«d, bushels 

Tol)acco, pounds , 

Cotton, bales 

Wool . pounds 

Beeswax and Honey, pounds 

Value of Animals slaughtered. . . . 
Value of I'roduce of Market Card's 

'• " Orchard Products 

Wine, gallons : 

Manufiuituring Capital 

Number of Hands 

Annual Product 

Value of Domfistic Manufactures . 



55.241 

'456 

55.697 

9,506 

17.342 

11,249 

50 

2.447 

101,135 

114.254 

86,048,442 

$28.08 

2.458 

11,855 

5,384 

4.574 

'251 

17,143 

26,809 

105.243 

208,402 

871 

3.267 

239 

374.816 

130.478 

28,532 

12 

152 



16,643 

3,352 

$176,102 

.S13.502 

$19,205 

21 

$2,397,305 

8.024 

$6,713,906 

$953 



1.489 
663 
1,868 
4,020 
396 
540 
815 

52 

129 

21.251 

44.132 

$56i:931 

$8.59 

534 

2.365 

1,217 

4,009 

25,476 

22,040 

102:430 

2,789 

5,730 

300 



17,785 



2,197 

$14,-339 
$305 



$544 



78,643 
'249 

78.892 
12,545 
23.460 
18,252 

64 

2,637 

107,884 

67,444 

$13,748,505 

$78.41 

3,311 

12,656 

580 

8,209 

356 

17,423 

14.939 

112,132 

253,158 

8,952 

5,462 

454 

847,089 

90.160 

41,588 

81 



879 

1,047 

?^2S9,809 

$130;796 

$55,458 

91 

$5,433,300 

15,628 

$13,323;595 

$25,702 



8,376 
1,147 

3,557 

8,080 

869 

1,330 



898 

443 

68,627 

6,450 

$1,132,197 

$8.70 

1,101 

6,225 

8,676 

8,237 

82,774 

502 

7,897 

269,115 

4,970 

6,176 

1,350 



28,437 

32 
129 



1,346 

7 

8,603 

3,700 

$41,740 

$26 

$512 

2 

$3,330 

19 

$16,300 



A STATISTICAL VIEW.. 51 

Table XVI. is a comparison between the counties of Nor- 
folk and Plymouth in Massachusetts, and tlie counties of West- 
morelan(^ and James City in Virginia, as to population, educa- 
tion, agriculture, etc. 

James City Co. is the county in whicli are situated James- 
town, the Plymouth of Virginia, and William and Mary's 
College, the rival in age of Harvard University. Jamestown 
now contains two houses, and of William and Mary's College 
it 4s said that it seldom has more than forty students (the 
Census Compendium gives it thirty-five in 1850). Westmore- 
land Co. is the native county of Washington. Of the Massa- 
chusetts counties, Norfolk is the county of the Adamses, and 
Plymouth that of .the Pilgrim settlement. 

VALUE OF LAND IN NORTHEEN AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES. 

The value of land per acre in some of the counties in the 
South, where there is the largest proportion of slaves, is as 
follows, viz : 

Charles Co., Maryland (whites 5,665 ; slaves 9,584), $10.50. 

AmeHa Co., Virginia (whites, 2,785 ; slaves, 6,819), $7.60. 

Beaufort, Colleton, and Georgetown Co.'s, South Carolina 
(whites, 14,915 ; slaves, 71,904), $7.30. 

The value of land per acre in some Northern counties is as 
foUows, viz : Hudson Co., New Jersey, $178 ; Delaware Co., 
Pennsylvania, $86. 

No more tables will be given in the department of agricul- 
ture. Some further comparisons and illustrations are given. 

Virginia, free, and as thickly settled as Massachusetts, would 
have had, in 1850, 7,751,324 wliites instead of 894,800. 

Massachusetts, a slave State, and as thinly populated as 
Virginia, would have had in 1850, 102,351 white inhabitants 
instead of 985,450. 

Virginia, free, would have had an annual product of manu- 
factures amounting to $1,190,072,592. instead of $29,705,387. 



52 THE NOKTH AND THE SOUTH. 

Massachusetts, a slave State, would have had manufactures 
amounting to $3,776,601, instead of $151,137,145. 

Vii'ginia, free, would have been worth in real and personal 
property (on the basis of the census estimate), $4,333,525,367, 
instead of (value of slaves deducted) $203,635,238. 

Massachusetts, a slave State, would have been .worth 
$48,604,335 instead of $551,106,824. 

Boston, with slavery, according to the increase of population 
in Virginia, would have contained 3,489 people instead Qf 
136,881. In the whole South there are less than fifty cities 
with a population of 3,500. 

Richmond, Virginia, free, according to the increase of popu- 
lation in Massachusetts, would have contained 1,076,669 free 
people instead of 17,643. 

If Virginia had not a settler within her territory, and should 
be opened at once to free settlement, in ten years she would 
have nearly as many white inhabitants as she now has, two 
hundred and fifty years after her settlement, and in twenty 
years she would have nearly as many whites as the whole 
number of slaveholding States now have, provided 60,000 
settlers should go in the first year, and that the rate of increase 
should be as great as that of Wisconsin, Iowa, or Mionesota. 
Even with this population of twenty years, she would not be so 
densely peopled as Massachusetts was in 1850. The figures 
prove our statements : thus, Wisconsin had, in 1840, ,30,749 
whites; in 1850,304,756. Ratio of increase 89.11 per cent. 
Assume 60,000 whites in Virginia at the close of the first year, 
and the rate of increase as above, then in ten years she would 
have 594,660 white inhabitants, and in twenty years 5,793,475. 
Number of whites in Virginia in 1850, 894,800 ; in the slave- 
holding States, 6,184,477. Thus, as to population, slavery in 
two hundred and fifty years has done the work of twenty. As 
to the value of lands, it has ^one still worse. Thus, in Httle 
more than ten years, Wisconsin had brought up the value of 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 53 

her farms per acre to $9.54 ; Yirginia in two hundred and fifty 
years had barely raised the price of her lands to $8.27. 

We give below, from different authorities, the past and 
present condition of the lands of the Free and Slave States. 

" New England" (says " A perfect description of Virginia," 
published in London in 1649) "is in a good condition of hveli- 
hood ; but for matter of any great hope but fishing there is not 
much." Compared to Yirginia, "it's as Scotland is to England, 
so much difference, and hes upon the same land northward as 
Scotland does to England ; there is much cold, frost, and snow ; 
their land is barren, except a herring be put into the hole you set 
the corn in, it will not come up ; and it was a great pity all 
those planters, now about 20,000, did not seat themselves at first 
at the south of Yirginia, in a warm and rich country, where their 
industry could have produced sugar, indigo, ginger, cotton, and 
the like commodities." 

Said Sir Thomas Dale, in 1612, speaking of Yirginia, "Take 
four of the best Idngdoms in Christendom, and put them aU 
together, they may no way compare with this country either 
for commodities or goodness of soil." 

Says Beverley at a later period : ^-^ In extreme fruitfuhiess, 
it (Yirginia) is exceeded by no other. No seed is sown there 
but it thrives, and most of the northern plants are improved 
by being transplanted thither." 

Says Lane, the Governor of Raleigh colony, in 1585, speak- 
ing of Yirginia and Carolina: " It is the goodhest soil under the 
cope of heaven, the most pleasing territory of the world. 
The climate is so wholesome that we have not one sick since 
we touched the land. If Yirginia had but horses and kine, 
and were inhabited with Enghsh, no reahn in Christendom 
were comparable to it." 

Such was the country which slavery took two hundred years 
ago : and any quantity of testimony to its fertihty could be 
quoted. Mark the change which slavery has made. 

.Says Washington (letter to Arthur Young, Nov. 1, 1787), 

5* 



54 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

" Our lands, as I mentioned to you, were originally very good, 
but use and abuse have made them quite otherwise." 

Says Olmsted (Seaboard Slave States, pages 63 and 05), 
speaking of the lands, stock, and vehicles of a certain locality 
in eastern Virginia in 1855: "Oldfields' — a coarse, yellow, 
sandy soil, bearing scarce anything but pine trees and broom- 
sedge. In some places, for acres, the pines would not be above 
five feet high — that was land that had been in cultivation^ 
used up, and ' turned out ' not more than six or eight years 
before ; then there were patches of every age ; sometimes the 
trees were a hundred feet high. At long intervals there were 
fields in which the pine was just beginning to spring in beauti- 
ful green plumes from the ground, and was yet hardly noticeable 
among the dead brown grass and sassafras bushes and black- 
berry vines, which nature first sends to hide the nakedness of 
the impoverished earth. 

" Of living creatures, for miles, not one was to be seen (not 
even a crow or a snow-bird), except hogs. These — long, 
lank, snake-headed, hairy, wild beasts — would come dashing 
across our path, in packs of from three to a dozen, with short 
hasty grunts, almost always at a gallop, and looking neither to 
the right nor left, as if they were in pursuit of a fox, and were 
quite certain to catch him in the next hundred yards." (Num- 
ber of swine in Virginia in 1850, 1,829,843.) 

" We turned the comer, following some shght traces of a 
road, and shortly afterwards met a curious vehicular estabhsh- 
ment, probably belo'-ging to the master of the hounds. It 
consisted of an axle-tree and wbeels, and a pair of shafts, made 
of unbarked saplings, in which was harnessed, by attachments 
of raw-hide and rope, a single smaU ox. There was a bit 
made of telegraph wire in his mouth, by which he was guided, 
through the mediation of a pair of much knotted rope-reins, by 
a white man — r a dignified sovereign wearing a brimless crown 
— who sat upon a two-bushel sack (of meal, I hope, for the 
hounds' sake), balanced upon the axle-tree; and who saluted 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 55 

me with a frank ' How are you ? ' as we came opposite eacli 
other." 

Said Henry A. "Wise, in 1855, during his canvass for Gov- 
enor, speaking to the Virginians : " You all own plenty of land, 
but it is poverty added to poverty. Poor land added to poor land, 
and nothing added to nothing makes nothing ; while the owner is 
talking pohtics at Richmond, or in Congress, or spending the 
summer at the White Springs, the lands grow poorer and poorer, 
and this soon brings land, negroes, and all, under the hammer. 
You have the owners skinning the negroes, and the negroes 
skinning the land, until all grow poor together. 

" You have relied alone on the single power of agriculture, 
and such agriculture ! Your sedge-patches outshine the sun ; 
your inattention to your only source of wealth has scared the 
bosom of mother Earth. Instead of having to feed cattle on a 
thousand hills, you have to chase the stump-tailed steer through 
the sedge-patches to procure a tough beef-steak." (Number of 
neat cattle in Virginia, in 1850, 1,076,2G9.) 

" I have heard a story — I will not locate it here or there — 
about the condition of the prosperity of our agriculture. I was 
told by a gentleman in Washington, not long ago, that he was 
travelling in a county not a hundred miles from this place, and 
overtook one of our citizens on horseback, with perhaps, a bag 
of hay for a saddle, without stirrups, and the leading line for a 
bridle, and he said, ^ Stranger, whose house is that ? ' * It is 
mine,' was the reply. They came to another. * Whose house 
is that?' ^Mine, too, stranger.' To a third, *And whose 
house is that?' 'That's mine, too, stranger; but don't sup- 
pose I'm so darned poor as to own all the land about here.'" 

Wise was speaking at Alexandria, in Fairfax Co., the 
county of Mount Vernon, and the farm of Washington. In 
certain parts, this county has been wonderfully improved by 
Northern emigrants, who have purchased lands and applied 
free labor and skill to them. So much have they improved their 



56 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

portion, that tlie Patent Office Report says, " A traveller wbo 
passed over it ten years ago would not now recognize it." 

Says the Hon. Willoughby Newton, of Virginia, in his agri- 
cultural address, in 1850 : "I look upon the introduction of 
guano, and the success attending its application to our barren 
lands, in the light of a special interposition of Divine Provi- 
dence, to save the northern neck of Virginia from reverting 
into its former state of wilderness and utter desolation. Until 
the discovery of guano — more valuable to us than the mines 
of California — I looked upon the possibility of renovating our 
soil, of ever bringing it to a point capable of producing remu- 
nerating crops, as utterly hopeless." Is Virginia to be saved 
by guano ? Mr. Newton recommends the application of two 
hundred pounds per acre. Number of acres of land under 
cultivation in Virginia in 1850, 26,152,311. Amount of guano 
requisite to cover this land, at the rate of two hundred pounds 
per acre, 2,615,231 tons. This, at $50 per ton, would cost 
$130,761,550. Guano must be apphed every other year. 
This would give the annual amount 1,307,615 tons, and the 
annual cost $65,380,775. "Wliere is the money to pay this 
annual tax to come from ? How long would it take the perma- 
nent registered tonnage of Virginia (9,246 tons in 1855) to 
import enough for one year's use ? And then the spectacle of 
this magnificent fleet (of eighteen vessels of five hundi-ed tons, 
or thirty of three hundred), officered by the chivalry, and 
manned by slaves, toting bird-manure around Cape Horn, in 
quantities enough to cover the worn-out surface of the Old 
Dominion ! 

Of North Carohna, the Patent Office Report for 1851 says 
(communication of G. S. Sullivan, of Lincoln Co.), "We 
raise no stock of any kind except for home consumption, and 
not half enough of that ; for ^ve have now worn out our lands 
so much, that we do not grow food enough to maintain them." 

Of Alabama (communication of N. B. Powell) : " We are 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 57 

the most dependent people in the Union, rely mainly, as we 
do, upon our neighbors of the West for nearly all our supplies." 

Says Ohnsted (page 475) of the threshing of rice in South 
Carolina; "Threshing commences immediately after harvest, 
and on many plantations proceeds very tediously, in the old 
way of threshing wheat with flails by hand, occupying the best 
of the plantation force for the most of the winter. It is done 
on an earthen floor in the open air, and the rice is cleaned by 
carrying it on the heads of the negroes, by a ladder, up on to 
a platform, twenty feet from the groimd, and pouring it slowly 
down, so that the wind will drive off the chaff, and leave the 
grain in a heap under the platform." Threshing machines 
have, however, been introduced on some large plantations. 

Of Alabama, says Hon. C. C. Clay, Jr., a politician and 
leading man, in an address in 1855 : "I can show you, with 
sorrow, in the older portions of Alabama, and in my native 
county of Madison, the sad memorials of the artless and ex- 
hausting culture of cotton. Our small planters, after taking the 
cream off their lands, unable to restore them by rest, manures, 
or otherwise, are going farther west and south, in search of 
other virgin lands, which they may and wiQ despoil and im- 
poverish in like manner." 

"In 1825, Madison county cast about 3,000 votes; now she 
cannot cast exceeding 2,300. In traversing that county, one 
wiU discover numerous farm-houses, once the abode of indus- 
trious and intelligent freemen, now occupied by slaves, or 
tenantless, deserted, and dilapidated; he will observe fields, 
once fertile, now unfenced, abandoned, and covered with those 
evil harbingers — fox-tail and broom-sedge ; he will tee the 
moss growing on the mouldering walls of once thrifty villages ; 
and will find ' one only master grasps the whole domain ' that 
once furnished happy homes for a dozen white families. In- 
deed, a county in its infancy, where fifty years ago scarce a 
forest tree had been felled by the axe of the pioneer, is already 
exhibituig the painful signs of senility and decay, apparent in 



58 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

Yirginia and the Carolinas ; the freshness of its agricultural 
glory is gone ; the vigor of its youth is extinct, and the spirit 
of desolation seems brooding over it." 

Enough of these extracts to show the blight of slavery in the 
department of agriculture; no extracts are needed to show 
that the farms in the Free States increase in value with every 
succeeding year. It is not now necessary " that a herring be 
put into the hole " with corn, " or it will not come up." 



CHAPTER V. 



MANUFACTURES. 



The tables in this chapter, compiled — when no other 
authority is given — from the Compendium of the Census of 
1850, show the state of manufactures in the United States for 
the year ending June, 1850. The tables for 1850 are preceded 
by tables (from the annual Eeport of the Secretary of the 
Treasury on the Finances, for 1855) giving the population, 
and value of the manufactures, of the several Free and Slave 
States for the years 1820 and 1840. The returns for 1820 
were defective in some particulars, and the article of sugar is 
included amonor the manufactures for 1840. 



TABLE XVII. 

Population and Value of Manufactures in the Free States, for the years 
1820 and 1840. 



FREE STATES. 


Population 
in 1820. 


Population 
in 1840. 


Value of 

Manufactures 

for 1820. 


Value of 

Manufactures 

for 1840. 


Connecticut 

Illinois 


275,202 

55,211 

147,178 

298,335 
523,287 
8,896 
244,161 
277,575 

1,372,812 
581,434 

1,049,458 

83,059 

235,764 


309,978 

476,183 

685,866 

43,112 

501,793 

737,699 

212,267 

284,574 

373,306 

2,428,921 

1,519,467 

1,724,033 

108,830 

291,948 

30,945 


$2,413,029 
100,983 
397,814 

486,473 
2,523,614 

100,460 

747,959 
1,175,139 
9,792,072 
5,290,427 
6,895,219 
1,617,221 

890,353 


$21,057,523 

8,021,582 

9,379,586 

483,700 

14,525,217 

73,777,837 

3,898,676 

10,523,313 

19,571,496 

95,840,194 

31,458,401 

64,494,960 

13,807,297 

6,923,982 


Indiana 


Iowa 


Maine 


Massachusetts .... 
Michigan 


New Hampshire . . . 

New Jersey 

New York 

Ohio 


Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island. .... 
Vermont 


Wisconsin 


1,680,808 


Total 


5,152,372 


9,698,922 


$32,430,763 


$375,444,572 







(59) 



60 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TAELB XVni. 

Population and Value of Manufactures in the Slave States, for the years 
1820 and 1840. 



SLAVE STATES. 


Population 
in 1820. 


Population 

in 1840. 


Value of 

• Manufactures 

for 1820. 


Value of 

Manufactures 

for 1840. 


.Alabama 


127,901 
14,273 
72,749 

340,987 

564,317 

153,407 

407,350 

75,448 

66,586 

638,829 

502,741 

422,813 

1,065,379 


590,756 

97,574 

78,085 

54,477 

691,392 

779,828 

352,411 

-470,019 

375,651 

383,702 

753,419 

594,398 

829,210 

1,239,797 


$101,207 

56,408 

1,318,891 

607,751 

2,296,726 

272,500 

5,027,336 

none. 

297,443 

445,398 

168,666 

2,352,127 

6,686,699 


$4,975,871 

2,614,889 

2,709,068 

915,080 

5,324,307 

13,221,958 

11,378,383 

13,509,636 

3,562,370 

5,946,759 

7,234,567 

5,638,823 

8,517,394 

20,684,608 


Arkansas 

Delaware 

Florida 


Oeorffia 


Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

Mississippi 

Missouri 


North Carolina . . . 
South Carolina . . . 

Tennessee. 

Virginia 




Total 


4,452,780 


7,290,719 


$19,631,p2 


$106,233,713 



Taking tables XX. and XIX. without the modifications sug- 
gested hereafter, and the relation of the North and South to 
manufactures in 1850, was as follows, viz: 

In the North. In the South. 

Capital invested in manufactures $430,240,051 $ 95,029,879 

Value of raw material used 465,844,092 86,190,639 

Number of hands employed, males. . . 576,954 140,377 

" " females. 203,622 21,360 

Annual wages 195,976,453 33,257,560 

products 842,586,058 165,413,027 

" profit 376,741,966 79,222,388 

" profit per cent 42 44 

" wages per hand, males and 

females 251 206 

" product " " " 1,079 1,029 

" profit " " " 484 489 

From this aggregate of Southern manufactures should be 
deducted the manufactures of certain counties where there is a 
large or predominating free population born out of the hmits of 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



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II 



A STATISTICAL VIEAV. 



63 



the several States in which the counties are situated. The 
amount of the manufactures, and the character of the popula- 
tion, as regards birth, of the most important of these counties, 
is shoAYn in the following table. Even this deduction leaves 
too large a balance for Southern manufactures, proper, for 
everywhere throughout the South the most thriving manufac- 
tures were founded, or are sustained, by Northern capital, skill, 
or labor. 

TABLE XXI. 

A Statement of the Number of Free Inhabitants born within and without cer- 
tain Counties of the Slave States, in which there is a large or predominating 
exotic Population, with the Amount of Capital invested in 3fanufictures, 
Number of Hands Employed, and the Annual Product thereof in 1850. 



COUNTIES. 



1 :^ q 2: t^ 


t) 






ree Popula- 
on born out 
f the State iu 
hich each Co. 
is situated. 


p 

II 


Capital. 





Annual 
Product. 



Newcastle, Del. . . 
Baltimore, Md. . 

Ohio, Va 

Charleston, S. C. 
Muscogee, Geo. . . 
Richmond, Geo.. 

Mobile, Ala 

Orleans, La 

Galveston, Texas, 
Davidson, Tenn. . 
Shelby, Tenn.... 
Jefferson, Ky... . 
St. Louis, Mo 

Total 



13,801 


28,555 


61.472 


142,456 


9.020 


8,822 


im 


21,225 


2.589 


7,838 


3,252 


5.183 


10,379 


7,865 


68;525 


32,867 


2.907 


908 


7,716 


16,991 


9,077 


7,720 


30,174 


18,746 


71,617 


27,394 



$2,593,830 


3,235 


9,929,332 


23,863 


1,184,111 


2,493 


1,487,800 


1,413 


713,217 


719 


775,600 


995 


522,800 


540 


2,969,660 


3,134 


46,450 


131 


855,015 


1,219 


424,130 


789 


4,115,582 


8,865 


5,215,716 


10,239 



$3,945,399 

24,540,014 

2,401,434 

2,749,961 

738,580 

1,020,651 

1,261,450 

4,470,454 

207,100 

1,075,287 

840,789 

11,002,103 

16,046,521 



298,373 



326,565 



S30,833,143 57,636 S70,296,743 



This table includes the counties in which are situated the 
cities of Baltimore, Wheeling, Louisville, St. Louis, New 
Orleans, Mobile, Charleston, and some others. It will be 
seen 4:hat, in these counties, the free population bom within 
and without the limits of each State, respectively, is nearly 
equal. The manufacturing establishments in these counties 
are generally confined to their cities, and a table showing 
the origin of the free population of the cities only, would give 



64 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

a large preponderance of persons born without the limits of 
their respective States. The means of constructing such a table 
are not accessible. There are, besides, other counties of 
smaller size -wJiich should be included with those in the fore- 
going table. These are necessarily omitted. 

Deducting the aggregates of this table from the total manu- 
factures reported for the South, and there are left for the 
manufactures of the Slave States, 

Capital, $64,19G,73G 

Hands employed, males and females, 104,101 

Annual product, .... ^95,110,284 

Annual product per head, . . . 914 

Adding the aggregates of table XXI. to those reported above 

for the manufactures of the North, and the total manufactures 

of the free population of the United States, will be : 

Capital, $461,073,194 

Hands employed, males and females, 838,212 

Annual product, .... ^912,882,801 

Annual product per head, , . 1,089 

Further amendment of these aggregates should be made by 

adding for California — in which State the marshal's returns 

for 1850 were generally defective, and for the most important 

locahties lost or destroyed by fire — the following estimates, 

based on the returns of the State census for that State, taken 

in 1852, and ordered by Congress to be made a part of the 

National census, viz : 

Capital, $5,942,526 

Annual product, .... 30,000,000 
The true total, then, of the manufactures of the free popula- 
tion of the United States for 1850 will be : 

Capital invested, .... $467,015,720 
Hands employed, males and females, 838,212 

Annual product, .... $942,882,801 

Thus, then, in seven times the capital invested, in eight 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 65 

times the number of hands employed, in ten times the annual 
product, is the triumph of freedom over slavery seen in the 
department of manufactures. And this, after allowing to 
slavery milhons of the capital of the North, thousands of its 
intelligent mechanics and operatives, and hundreds of its in- 
ventions and improvements, scattered throughout the South, 
wherever machinery is in motion, or labor skillfully appHed to 
it. And this stagnation and sleep of slavery beneath the 
thundering of its thousands of waterfalls, and beside its mil- 
lions of cotton bales. 

Well did Governor "Wise say to the Virginians : " You have 
the line of the Alleghanies, that beautiful ridge wliich stands 
placed there by the Almighty, not to obstruct the way of people 
to market, but placed there in the very bounty of Providence, 
to milk the clouds, to make the sweet springs wliich are the 
sources of your rivers. And at the head of every stream is 
the waterfall, murmuring the very music of your power. And 
yet commerce has long ago spread her sails and sailed away 
from you ; you have not as yet dug more than coal enough to 
warm yourselves at your own hearths ; you have no tilt-ham- 
mer of Vulcan, to strike blows worthy of gods in the iron 
foundries. You have not yet spun more than coarse cotton 
enough to clothe your own slaves. You have had no com- 
merce, no mining, no manufactures." (Speech at Alexandria, 
1855.) 

Table XXII. contains a list of those counties in the Free 
and Slave States which had, in 1850, the greatest relative 
amount of manufactures. The areas given are from Baldwin 
and Thomas' Gazetteer of 1854 ; the value of the land is 
ascertained by dividing the value given in the Census Com- 
pendium by the whole area. The Southern counties taken 
are such as have no large admixture of exotic population. In 
these counties are included the important cities of Wilmington, 
N. C, Lynchburg, Va., and Clarksville, Teim. 
6* 



66 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XXn. 

Counties in the Free and Slave States which had, in 1850, the greatest rela- 
tive Amount of Manufactures. 



Counties in Free 
States. 


Area in 
Square 
Miles. 


Popula- 
tion. 


Value of 
Farms. 


Annual 

Product of 

Manu&Kj- 

tories. 


Value of 

Land per 

Acre. 


Average 
Product of 
Manufac- 
tures per 
head of 
•whole pop- 
ulation. 


r.ristol. Mass 

Essex, Mass 

Middlesex, Mass. 

Norfolk, Mass 

Kent, R. I 

Hartford, Conn. . 
N. Haven, Conn. . 

Essex, N.' J 

Passaic, N.J 


517 
500 
830 
520 
180 
807 
620 
450 
270 


76,192 
131.300 
161,383 

78.892 
15.0G8 
69,967 
65,588 
73,950 
22,569 


$7,101,582 

9:582,992 

19,417,796 

13,748,505 

1,951.111 

14.004.683 

10:413.662 

7,219.566 

3,302,051 


$12,595,695 
22.906,805 
26.548,932 
13.323,595 

2,620:788 
10.888,780 
11.283.816 
16,293,198 

4,213,699 


$21.46 
29.95 
36.55 
41.31 ■ 
17.80 
27.12 
26.24 
25.07 
19.11 


$165 
174 
164 
169 
174 
156 
172 
220 
187 


Total 4,684 


694,909 


$86,741,948 


$120,675,308 


$28.94 


$174 


Counties in 
Slaves States. 


576 

1,000 

550 


23.245 
17,668 
21,045 


$2,452,604 
1.03.5,874 
1,359,836 


$1,839,307 
1.409:568 
1,376,300 


$6.65 
1.62 
3.86 




Campbell, Va. . . 
N. Hanover, N.C. 
M"tgomerj, T©n. 


$79 
80 
65 


Total 


2.126 


61,958 1 $4,848,314 


$4,625,175 $3.56 


$74 



Tables XXTTT. and XXIV. show the value of the manufac- 
tures of cotton, wool, iron, the fisheries, and salt, in 1850. It 
is to be regretted that the returns of the details of the other 
branches of manufactures have not yet been published by 
Congress. These tables will repay a careful examination. 

Table XXV. gives the value of the domestic manufactures 
in the several Free and Slave States, for the year ending June, 
1850 ; and gives also the annual increase of slaves in the 
several Slave States, with their value at $400 per head. It 
is to'be understood that a larger proportion of slaves is born 
in the slave-raising States, and a smaller in the slave-con- 
suming States, than is shown by the tables. As to this 
product of Southern labor, or skill, or necessity — the annual 
slave product — it may be classed indifferently under the 
head of agriculture, manufactures, or commerce. As live 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



67 



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68 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



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A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



G9 



TAELE XXV. 

A Statement of the Value of the Domestic Mamrfactures of the several Free 
and Slave States for the years 1850; with th^ average Annual Increase, 
and Value at S-iOO j)er head, of Slaves, for the ten years ending June, 1850. 



FREE 
STATES. 


Value of Do- 
mestic Man- 
ufactures for 

1850. 1 


SLAVE 

STATES. 


Value of Do- 
mestic Man- 
ufactures for 
1850. 


Annual In- 
crease of 
Slaves from 
1840 to 1850. 


Value at 

.«B400 
per head. 


Galiforui'i 

Connecticut.. . 

Illinois 

Indiana 

lo\va 

M-iiue 

IM-iFracliusetts. 

Micbi;i-an 

N. Hampshire. 
New Jersey . . . 

New Yorli 

Ohio 


.1?7,000 i 
192.252 ' 
1.155,902 
1.631,039 
221,292 : 
513,599 
205.338 : 
340.947 
393.455 
112.781 ': 
l,280,a33 - 
1 712196 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

I^Iississippi 

Missouri 

North Carolina 
South Carolina 


$;l,934,120 

938,217 

38.121 

75.582 

. 1,838,938 

2,459.128 

139.232 

111.828 

1.164,020 

1,674,705 

2,086.522 

909,525 

3,137.790 

266,984 

2,156,312 


8,931 

2,717 

31 

1,359 

10,074 

2,872 

7,636 

63 

11,467 

2,918 

4,273 

5,795 

6.640 

5.816 

2,344 


$3,572,400 

1,086,800 

12,400 

543,600 

4.029,600 

1.148,800 

3,054,400 

25,200 

4,586,800 

1.167,200 

1,709,200 

2 318 000 


PeimsylTania . 
Ilhode Island.. 


749432 1 
26,495 ' 

267,710 ; 
43,624 1 


Tennessee 


2,256,000 

2,326,400 

937,600 


Vermont 

Wisconsin .... 


Virginia 




_ ._ _. , 








Total 


Sr8,853 090 ji Tnt-ii 


818,631,054 


71,936 


S528 774 400 












stock raised and fattened for market, it would seem to be- 
long legitimately to the department of agriculture ; as an article 
of trade, to commerce ; but a better arrangement is to class it 
with domestic manufactures, that class of manufactures in 
which it will be seen that the Soutli is ahead. In this work, 
then, the slave product is classed with domestic manufactures, 
and its value — no estimate having been made by De Bow — 
computed from the best authorities, will be included in the 
aggregates for that branch of manufactures. The number of 
slaves annually manufactured by the Northern Slave States 
for the Southern markets is given elsewhere as 25,000 ; their 
value at $400 per head is $10,000,000. This is a small estimate 
both as to number and value. As to the capital invested, the 
value of the raw material used, the number of hands employed, 
and the annual wages paid in this species of manufacture, the 
census tables give no information. 



CHAPTER VI 



COMMERCE. 



It is difficult to apportion the results of commerce to the 
several States. The statistics of the great branch of domestic 
or internal commerce are very incomplete ; the returns of the 
minor branch of foreign or external commerce are more full. 
De Bow suggests that " half the agricultural products and all 
of the manufacturing are subjects of commerce, and that the 
whole commercial movement may be estimated at between 
$1,500,000,000 and $2,000,000,000 " annually. Adopting this 
suggestion, the value of the products which enter into the com- 
merce of the two sections, for 1850, would be as follows, viz : 
Free States, .... $1,377,199,968 

Slave States, . *. . . 410,754,992 



Total, $1,787,954,960 

No enumeration, by States, of the persons engaged in com- 
merce, trade, and navigation, is given in the Compendium of the 
Census of 1850. In 1840, however, such enumeration was 
made, and is found in the published census returns for that 
year. The number of persons engaged in commerce, navigat- 
ing the ocean, and in internal navigation, was in 1840 as fol- 
lows, viz : 

Free States, 136,856 

Slave States, . . . .* . . 52,622 



Total, ' .... 189,478 

(70) 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. . 71 

This would give, in 1850, as the number of persons engaged 
in commerce and navigation, — 

Free States, 188,271 

Slave States, . . . . . . 70,165 

Total, 258,436 

Domestic commerce is carried on by the enrolled and 
licensed tonnage (with the participation, in a small propor- 
tion, of the registered), by raUroads, canals, and public roads. 
Of enrolled and licensed tonnage, there were in 1850, in the 

Free States, . . . . . 1,459,232 tons. 

Slave States, 475,405 " 



Total, ...:.. 1,934,637 " 

Of railroads in operation in 1854, there were, mUes, in the 

Free States, 13,105 

Slave States, 4,212 

Total, 17,317 

Of canals, there were in 1854, miles, in the 

Free States, . . . . . . 3,682 

Slave States, 1,116 

Total, . . . . . . . 4,798 

There are no statistics of the miles of public roads in the 
two sections, or of the merchandise and produce transported 
over them. 

We may be aided in forming an estimate of the amount of 
our domestic commerce, by the following tabular statements, 
from Andrews' report : 



72 



THE NORTH AND THE SOriH. 



TABLE XXVI. 

Lake and River Commerce. 



1851. 


Net. 


Gioss. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Tons. 


Value. 


Lake Commerce 


1,985,563 
2,033,400 


$157,236,729 
109,751,372 


3.071.126 
4,066,800 

8 0.-^7 Q9R 


S314.473.4.58 
339,502,744 






A wrpEratp ....... 


4,018,963 


$!326 988 101 


SG53,976,202 







Coasting Trade, Canal and Railway Commerce. 



Estimate of 1852. 


Net. 


Gross. 




Tons. 


Value, 


Tons. 


Value. 


Coastin"' trade.. > 


20.397,490 
9.000,000 
5,407,500 


$1,659,519,686 
.f)04 000 000 


40.794.980 
1 s non fw >r> 


$3,319,039,372 

1 IS 9 000 000 




Railway Commerce 


,^40 7 "iO 000 iriQi-nnn 


i;081,500,000 










34,804,990 


82,794,269,686 


69,609,980 


$5,588,539,372 







It is estimated by Andrews that the number of tons of ship- 
ping engaged in the coasting trade is 2,039,749. 

This is the amount of the " enrolled and Heensed tonnage." 
In addition, considerable " registered tonnage " frequently en- 
ters the coasting trade between the Atlantic ports and those on 
the Gulf and the Pacific. 

The "licensed tonnage" engaged in the lake commerce is 
215,975 tons. The tonnao^e eno^ajTed in the river commerce is 
169,450 tons. The foregoing figures are for the years 1851 
and 1852. 

In a late report of the Committee on Commerce, it is stated 
that, " The lake tonnage for 1855 was 345,000 tons, which^ 
valued at^$45 per ton, is $14,838,000. The present value of 
lake commerce (exclusive of the ports of Presqiie Isle and 
Mackinac, not reported) is $008,310,320." 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 73 

Our foreign commerce is carried on by the registered tonnage 
of the United States, and by the tonnage of other nations. 
The foreign tonnage which entered the ports of the United 
States, in 1851, was 1.939,091 tons; the American tonnage, 
0,054,349 tons. De Bow says, of 1851, that the value of 
merchandise imported in "foreign vessels was $52,563,083; 
in American vessels $168,216,272." By this, it will be seen 
that something more than three-fourths of the value of our 
foreign commerce is carried on in American vessels. The 
registered tonnage of the two sections, in 1850 was, in the 

Free States, 1,330,963 tons. 

Slave States, 250,880 « 



Total, . . . . . . 1,581,843 " 

We may now approximate the truth in regard to the com- 
merce of the two sections of our country in three ways. 

First. Taking the value of the products which enter into 
commerce, we find the North has $1,377,199,968; the South 
$410,754,992, giving the North more than three to one. 

Second. Taking the number of persons engaged in trade, 
and the North has 188,271 persons, the South 70,165 persons, 
giving the North nearly three to one, and this on the supposi- 
tion that the average amount of business done by merchants in 
the South is as great as in the North. 

Third. Taking the tonnage, miles of railroads, and canals : 
the North had, in 1850, 2,790,195 tons of registered, enrolled 
and licensed tonnage, the South 726,285 tons. (The amount 
of tonnage in 1855 was, in the North 4,252,615 tons, in the 
South 855,517 tons.) The North had in 1854, 13,105 miles 
of railroadri^ operation, the South 4,212 miles. The North 
had in the sa^e year 3,682 miles of canals, the South 1,116 
miles. This gives a ratio of something more than three to one 
in favor of the North. It may, we think, be fairly assumed 
that the amount of commerce and its profits in the two sections 
are quite flqr times as much in the North as in the South. 



178,078,499 

1,966,033,459 

329,896,631 



74 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

"We have thus shown, from such data as could be obtamed, the 
relative proportion of the domestic and foreign commerce of the 
Free and Slave States. Adopting the suggestion of De Bow 
(as to the value of the " commercial movement"), the domestic 
commerce of the United States, in 1850, was six times that of 
the foreign. The figures are as follows : 
Value of manufactures and half of agricultual 

products, $1,787,954,960 

Value of imports, .... 

Total, . . . 
Total value of imports and exports, 
Adopting the estimates of Andrews (Kepor 

on Lake Commerce), the domestic com^ 

merce of the United States, in 1851-2, was 

nearly eight times the foreign. The figures 

are as foUows, viz : 
Value of lake and river commerce, . . $326,988,101 
Value of coasting trade, railway and canal 

commerce, 2,794,269,686 

Value of imports, 1851, .... 216,224,932 

Total, 3,337,482,719 

Total value of imports and exports, 1851, . 434,612,943 

It is, perhaps, not far from right to call the domestic com- 
merce of this country seven times the foreign. 

Tables XXVII. and XXVDI. give the value of the exports 
and imports of the several Free and Slave States for 1.850 and 
1855 ; and the amount and value of tonnage owned and built in 
the same years. The tables are compiled from the annual 
report on commerce and navigation. The statistics of exports 
apd imports show the foreign coniTjierce of the several States. 
The aggregates for the two years given are — 

Free States, $631,396,034 

'Slave States, . . . . . 234,936,306 



Total, $866,332,340 

being nearly three times as much in the North as in tlie South. 



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A STATISTICAL VIEW. 77 

The tonnage of the two sections in 1855 was as follows, viz . 

Free States, 4,252,^15 tpns. 

Slave States, 855;517 " 



Total, 5,108,132 " 

being five times as mi|ch in the North as in the South. 

The foreign commerce of New York alone, for 1855, was as 

follo^ws, viz : 

Exports, . . . . . $113,731,238 

Imports, . . . ... 164J76,511 

Total, ..... $278,507,749 

The foreign commerce of the Slave States for 1855 was as 
follows, viz : 

Exports, $107,480,688 

Imports, 24,58 6j528 



Total, $132,()67,216 

This statement shows that the foreign commerce of New 
York, in 1855, was more than twice that of all the Slave 
States. 

The tonnage of New York in 1855 was 1,404,221 tons. 
The tonnage of the Slave States for the 

same year, 855,5 IJ. ** 

Or a little more than half that of the 
State of New York. 

The foreign commerce of Massachusetts and South Carohna, 
for 1855, was as follows, viz ; 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Exports, $28,190,925 

Imports, . ... . . 45,113,774 



Total, $73,304,699 

7# 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Exports, ^12,700,250 

Imports, 1,588,542 



total, $14,288,792 

The tonnage of Massachusetts, in 1855, 

was 970,727 tons. 

The tonnage of South CaroHna for the 

same year was .... 60,935 " 

The tonnage built in Massachusetts, in 1855, was 79,670 
tons, valued at $3,983,500 ; the tonnage built in South Carol 
Una in the same year, was 61 tons, valued at $3,050. 

It wUl be observed by Tables XXVII. and XXVHI. that the 
large States of Indiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri 
have no foreign commerce, and that the States of New Hamp- 
shire, New Jersey, Mississippi, and Delaware have very little. 
The tonnage built in 1855 was as follows, viz : 

Free States, 528,844 tons. 

Slave States, . . . . 52,959 " 



Total, 581,803 « 

The North, therefore, builds of tonnage ten times as much 
as the South. In 1855, the tonnage built in the State of 
Maine was more than four times that built in the South; 
Maine having built 215,905 tons, the Slave States 52,959 tons. 
Of "the tonnage built in the South, more than four-fifths of it is 
built in ports where there is a large or predominating free 
population, born out of the limits of the States in which such 
ports are respectively situated, as in Baltimore, St. Louis, 
Louisville, Wheeling, etc. Making a proper deduction for 
this, and the amount of shipping annually built by the Slave 
States will not exceed 10,000 tons. Even this small amount is 
not the Avork of slaveholders, or slaves, or of the poor whites 
of the South, but of northern and foreign-bom mechanics and 
ship carpenters. In case of a dissolution of the Union, and 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 79 

hostilities between the North and South, the highest naval 
science would need to be called into requisition by the South, 
60 to station this naval armament of sloops, schooners, and 
steamboats as to command her seven thousand miles of ex- 
posed sea and gulf-coast. 

We close what we have to saj on commerce, with the fol- 
lowing extract from a letter of IVIr. London, of Richmond, Va., 
to the Richmond Enquirer, and published in that paper early 
in 1854, just before the sitting of a Southern commercial con- 
vention at Charleston, S. C. He had . been alluding to the 
sittings of other Southern commercial conventions at Memphis 
and elsewhere : 

" We have, since that time, appropriated millions of dollars 
to works of internal improvement; some of us have embarked 
more largely in foreign trade ; but there are not half a dozen 
vessels engaged in our own trade that are owned in Virginia, 
and I have been unable to find a vessel at lAverpool loading for 
Virginia, within three years, during the height of our busy sea- 
son. Every foot of railroad and every yard of canal con- 
structed in the Southern States is only so much added to the area 
of the influence of New YorTc, and but binds you that much more 
securely to her bonds. Instead of these immense improvements 
resulting in an enlargement of your foreign commerce, it is but a 
contribution to your coasting trade, and results in estabHshing 
the calculation as to how long it will take your shopkeepers to 
get the ^productions and importations of New York into your 
villages ; all else but this is not considered. As to any one of 
your improvements contributing to forward your own importa- 
tions, that is not thought of at all by your interior shopkeepers ; 
for, throughout the South, all merchants have disappeared, 
entirely and completely." 



CHAPTER VII. 

VALUE OF' REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE. 

Tables XXTXt and XXX. give the value of the real and 
personal estate of the several States in 1850, according to the 
published census returns; the true value of the same as 
estimated by the superintendent of the census ; the value of 
the slaves in the Slave States at $400 per head ; and the value 
of the real and personal estate in 1856, as given by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury in a communication to Congress at its late 
session. The estimate of $400 per head for slaves is, perhaps, 
too low. With a single apparent exception, the value of slaves 
is included by the compiler of the census returns in the value 
of personal estate. The exception is the State of Louisiana, 
in which State the value of the slaves is included in the value 
of real estate. With reference to the estimates of Mr. Secre- 
tary Guthrie, for Texas, it is hardly probable that its taxable 
property has gone up, in five years, from $55,362,340 to 
$240,000,000, an increase of about $200,000,000; while lowa^ 
which has increased in population since 1850 faster than 
any other State, is allowed an increase in taxable property 
of only $86,285,362, and Wisconsin of only $45,443,405. 
The valuation of Georgia is given by the secretary, not 
from the State valuation, but from an estimate of the gov- 
ernor of that State. The estimate for California is evidently 
too low, and is not according to any State valuation. In the 
case of Indiana, whose auditor, as quoted by Mr. Guthrie, says 
that a valuation at that time (November 24, 1855) would 
make tlie total taxables $380,000,000, the secretary, in 1856, 
gives the sum of $301,858,474, instead of the auditor's estimate, 

(80) 



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A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



83 



and this after having added to the valuation of Georgia 
$165,000,000, on the bare conjecture of her governor. 

The following recent State valuations will further illustrate 
the estimates of the Secretary of the Treasury : 
Valuation of New Hampshire, 185'6, . . $121,417,428 

" " New York, 185d, as foUows, viz : 
New York' city and county real estate, . 337,038,526 

" " « jfersonal estate, . 150,022,312 

" " " aggregate, . . 487,060,838 

Remainder of State real estate, . . . 770,234,189 
" " personal estate, . . 143,990,252 

Total valuation of the State of New York, . 1,401,285,279 
Valuation of New York city, 1856, . . 517,889,201 
" " Connecticut, 1854, . . 202,739,431 
" "Mchigan, 1853, . . 12^,362,474 

" ^^' Indiana, 1854, . . 290,408,148 

" " Maryland, including slaves, 1851, 191,888,088 
" " South CaroHna, " " 1854, 82,613,530 

'' " Tennessee, " " 1855, 219,011,048 

" " Kentucky, " " 1854, 405,830,168 

It win be seen by tables XXIX. and XXX. that the value 
of real and personal estate in 1850 was as foUows, viz : 
Free States, .... $4,102,162,192 

Slave States, .... 2,936,090,737 
Deduct value of slaves, . . 1,280,145,600 



True value in Slave States, 



1,655,945,137 



The total value of real and personal estate in 1856 is as fol- 
lows, viz : 

Free States, .... $5,770,194,680 

Slave States, .... 3,977,353,946 

Deduct value of slaves m 1856, . 1,472,167,600 

True value m Slave States in 1856, 2,50?^,186,346 

The whole area of the Free States (Tables I. and IX.) is 392,- 

%2,080 acres ; the valuation of real and personal property in 

1850,>$4,107,I62,1 98, or $10.47 per acre. The whole area (Table 



b4: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

X.> of tlie Slave States is five hundred and forty-four million, 
line hundred and twenty-six thousand, seven hundred and 
twenty (544,926,720) acres ; the valuation of real and personal 
estate in 1850, one billion, six hundred and fifty-five milhon, 
nine hundred and forty-five thousand, one hundred and thirty- 
seven ($1,055,945,137), or three dollars and four cents ($3.04) 
per acre. The valuation of the Free States in 1856 was five 
billion, seven hundred and seventy million, one hundred and 
ninety-four thousand, six hundred and eighty ($5,770,194,680), 
or fourteen dollars and seventy-two cents ($14.72) per acre; 
the valuation of the Slave States in 1856 was two billion, five 
hundred and five million, one hundred and eighty-six thousand, 
three hundred and forty-six ($2,505,186,346), or four dollars 
and fifty-nine cents ($4.59) per acre. Thus, in five years the 
value of property in the Free States advanced froni ten dollars 
and forty-seven cents ($10.47) per acre to fourteen dollars 
and seventy-two cents ($14.72), or four dollars and twenty- 
five cents ($4.25), being more Chan the whole valuation of the 
Slave States in 1850. The value of property in the South 
advanced in the same time from three dollars and four cents 
($3.04) to four dollars and fifty-nine cents ($4.59) per acre. 

The value of the slaves in the Slave States, in 1850, at four 
hundred dollars ($400) each, was one billion two hundred and 
eighty milUon, one hundred and forty-five thousand, six hun- 
dred dollars ($1,280,145,600). The value of the farms in the 
Slave States in the same year (Table X.) was one billion, one 
hundred and seventeen million, six hundred and forty-nine 
thousand, six hundred and forty-nine dollars ($1,117,649,649). 
Excess of value of slaves, one hundred and sixty-two million, 
four hundred and ninety-five thousand, nine hundred and fifty- 
one dollars ($162,495,951). Thus, the value of the slaves in 
1850 was one hundred and sixty-two milhon, four hundred and 
ninety five thousand, nine hundred and fifty -one dollars ($162,- 
495,951) more than the value of all the improved and unim- 
proved lands in the South. The number of slaveholders in 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 85 

the Slave States is three hundred and forty-six thousand and 
forty-eight (346,048). If we estimate their value at four 
hundred dollars ($400) per head, and add it to the value of 
the farms, it will make the value of the slaveholders and farms 
nearly equal to that of the slaves. The figures are : Value of 
farms, one billion, one hundred and seventeen million, six 
hundred and forty-nine thousand, six hundred and forty-nine 
($1,117,649,649) ; value of three hundred and forty-six thouand 
and forty-eight (346,048) slaveholders, at four hundred dollars 
•'$400) each, one hundred and thirty-eight million, one hundred 
and niuety-two thousand, two hundred dollars ($138,192,200), 
being a total of one biUion, two hundred and fifty-sis million, 
sixty-eight thousand, eight hundred and forty-niue dollars ($1,- 
256,068,849) ; value of slaves as above, one billion, two hun- 
dred and eighty million, one hundred and forty-five thousand, 
six hundred dollars ($1,280,145,600). Thus has the industry 
and pohtical and domestic economy of the slaveholders, iu two 
hundred and thirty years, been able to bring the value of their 
lands and themselves nearly up to the market value of their 
slaves ; and all three together, lands, slaves, and slaveholders, 
to nearly half the value of the property of the Free States. 

The valuation of the State of New York iu 1855 was 
one billion, four hundred and one million, two hundred and 
eighty-five thousand, two hundred and seventy-nine dollars ($1,- 
401,285,279), beiag more than the whole value of the real estate 
of the Slave States in 1850, which, after deducting from the 
aggregate the value of the slaves hi Louisiana, was one billion, 
three hundred and thirty-two million, six hundred and sixty- 
five thousand, four hundred and sixteen dollars ($1,332,665,- 
416). The value of the real and personal estate of Massachu- 
setts in 1850 was more (slaves excepted) than that of the 
States of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, 
and Texas ; the valuation of Massachusetts being five hundred 
and seventy-three million, three hundred and forty-two thou- 
sand, two hundred and eighty-six dollars ($573,342,286) ; that 

8 



86 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

of the six States mentioned being five hundred and seventy- 
three million, three hundi-ed and thirty-two thousand, eight 
hundred and sixty dollars ($573,332,860.) In this calculation, 
South Carohna is reckoned at its State valuation of 1854. 
The whole area of Massachusetts is (Table IX.) four million, 
nine hundred and ninety-two thousand (4,992,000) acres ; 
value of its whole property per acre, one hundred and fourteen 
dollars and eighty-five cents ($114.85.) The whole area of 
the six States above mentioned is (Table X.) three hundred 
and seventeen million, five hundred and seventy-six thousand, 
three hundred and twenty (317,576,320) acres; value of their 
whole property, except slaves, five hundred and seventy-three 
million, three hundred and thirty-two thousand, eight hundred 
and sixty dollars ($573,332,860), or one dollar and eighty-one 
cents ($1.81) per acre. Thus, Massachusetts is able to buy 
and pay for considerably more than half the great empire of 
slavery, and have more money left than the Pilgrims landed 
with at Plymouth ; while Pennsylvania could easily buy out 
the other hah". 

Table XXXI. shows the number of miles of canals and 
railroads in operation in 1854, (with the cost of construction 
of such railroads), the number of miles of railroads in opera- 
tion in January, 1855, and the amount of bank capital near 
January, 1855, in the several Free and Slave States. The 
first three columns of the tables are from the Census Compen- 
dium, the last two from the American Almanac for 1856. 

Table XXXII. gives the total debt, amount of productive 
property, and the annual expenditure of the several Free and 
Slave States. The figures are from the American Almanac for 
1856. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



87 



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CHAPTER VIII. 

EDUCATION. 1. COLLEGES. 

The first college established in the Free States was Har- 
vard University, founded inlG36; which was sixteen years 
after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. The first col- 
lege in the Slave States was that of "William and Mary, in Vir- 
ginia, founded in 1692, or eighty-four years after the settlement 
of Jamestown. The number of students in the former is now 
365 ; in the latter, 82. The number of alumni of the former, 
6,700 ; of the latter, 3,000. The number of volumes in the 
library of the former is 101,250 ; of the latter 5,000. 

It will be seen by Tables XXXIH and XXXIV, taken from 
the American Almanac for 1856, and showing the present con- 
dition of the colleges in the two great sections, that the number 
of colleges is nearly the same in each. The comparative char- 
acter and efficiency of these institutions, may be in some mea- 
sure learned from the following facts. The number of vol- 
umes in the libraries of the Southern colleges is 308,011 ; in 
those of the northern, 667,297 ; over two to one. The num- 
ber graduated at the South is 19,648 ; at the North 47,752 ; 
about two and one-haLf to one. The number of Ministers edu- 
cated in the Southern colleges is 747, and in the Northern, 
10,702 ; a ratio of fourteen to one. 

It would indeed be interesting, were it possible, to compare 
these institutions in respect to value of buildings, apparatus, 
cabinets, &c. ; but the statistics of these cannot be readily ob- 
tained. StUl more difficult would it be to compare statistically 
the ability of professors and the standard of scholarship. 

8* (89) 



90 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XXXIIL* 

Colleges in the Slave States. 



SLAVE STATES. 


No. of 
Col- 
leges. 


No. of 
In- 
structors. 


No. of 
Alumni. 


No. of 
Min- 
isters. 


Students. 


Volumes 

in 
Libraries. 


Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 


2 
5 
10 
3 
2 
5 
4 
4 
4 
8 
7 
5 


18 
69 
72 
24 
14 
34 
40 
16 
26 
39 
54 
44 


83 

607 

9,528 

1,406 

3,124 

1,359 

676 

252 

94 

838 

1,342 

339 


42 
13 

146 

123 
3 

133 
28 
16 
10 
74 

130 
29 


137 

399 
1,174 
469 
190 
643 
333 
315 
157 
570 
700' 
568 


11,500 
33,292 
65,875 
23,700 
23,800 
25,700 
23,200 
10,700 
9,000 
29,744 
27,900 
23,600 


North Carolina . . . 
South Carolina . . . 
Georgia 


Alabama 


Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Missouri 




Total 


59 


450 


19,648 


747 


5,655 


308,011 





TABLE XXXIV. 

Colleges in the Free States. 



FREE STATES. 


No. of 
Col- 
leges. 


No. of 
In- 
structors. 


No. of 
Alumni. 


No. of 

Ministers. 


Students. 


Volumes 

in 
Libraries. 


Maine 

New Hampshire . . 

Vermont 

Massachusetts . . . 

Khode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania .... 
Ohio 


2 
1 
3 
4 
1 
3 
8 
3 
9 
12 
4 
4 
2 
5 


15 
12 

16 

47 
10 
43 

84 
54 
66 
88 
27 
30 
14 
11 


1,418 

4,187 

1,536 

9,404 

1,860 

7,407 

6,888 

3,855 

8,298 

1,958 

,546 

257 

130 

8 


303 

883 

527 

2,612 

500 

1,956 

1,461 

837 

741 

644 

1,58 

79 

1 


274 
258 
228 
807 
225 
669 

1,080 
449 
959 

1,191 

300 

245 

180 

30 


43,150 
31,900 
21,6.50 
122,750 
34.000 
91,000 
80,516 
28,000 
71,180 
92,191 
19 600 


Indiana 


Illinois 


15 860 


Michigan 

Wisconsin 


13,000 
2,500 


Total 


€1 


517 


47,752 


10,702 


6,895 


657,297 





A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



91 



II. — PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. 

The condition of tlie Professional Schools is shown by the 
following Table, taken from the same authority as the above. 
From this it appears that at the South a larger proportion of 
professional students are in the Law Schools than at the North. 
Next in order in this respect is Medicine, and last, Theology. 
Indeed, the Census Tables do not show where the great body 
of the Southern clergy are educated, since but 747 are re- 
turned from the colleges, and only 808 from the Theological 
Schools. 

It will be noticed that the number of Professional Schools 
in the Slave States is 32, and in the Free States 65, or two 
to one. The ratio of Professors is a little larger. The num- 
ber of Students in the former is 1,807, and in the latter 4,426. 
The number of volumes in the libraries of the former is 
30,796, and in those of the latter, 175,951 ; more than five to 
one. The number graduated at the former, 3,812, and at the 
latter, 23,513 ; over six to one. 



TAELE XXXV. 

Showing the Condition of the Professional ScTiools in the North and the South, 
from the American Almanac for 1856. 

SLAVE STATES. 



Professional Schools. 


Number 

of 
Schools. 


Number 
of Pro- 
fessors. 


Number „ , 
of Students, JJ""^^®^ ' 
1854-5. Educated. 


Number 
of Vols, in 
Libraries. 


Law 


9 
13 
10 


19 
75 

28 


231 

1,307 

269 


3,004 
808 




Medicine 




Theology 


30,796 






Total 


32 


122 


1,807. 


3,812 


30,796 







02 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



FREE STATES. 



Professional Schools. 


Number 

of 
Schools. 


Number 
of Pro- 
fessors. 


Number 

of Students, 

1854-5. 


Number 
Educated. 


Number 
of Vols, in 
Libraries. 


Law 


9 
22 
34 


19 
152 

98 


240 
3,095 
1,091 


■ 15,950 
7,563 




Medicine 




Theoloffv 


175,951 




Total 


65 


269 


4,426 


23,513 


175,951 







III. ACADEMIES, PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

In all the New England colonies, a law was passed in 1647, 
" That every township, after the Lord hath increased them to the 
number of fifty householders, shall appomt one to teach aU 
children to write and read ; and when any town shall increase 
to the number of one hundred families, they shall set up a 
grammar school ; the masters thereof being able to instruct 
youth so far as they may be fitted for the university." See 
Colonial Laws. 

Again, in Connecticut we find the following : " Forasmuch 
as the good Education of Children is of singular behoofe and 
benefit to any Commonwealth, and whereas, many parents and 
masters are too indulgent and negligent of theire duty in that 
kinde : — 

" It is therefore ordered by this Courte ^d Authority thereof 
that the Selectmen of every Town, in the Several precincts 
and quarters where they dwell, shall have a vigilant eye over 
theire bretliren and neighbours to see first that none of them 
shall suffer so much Barbarism in any of theire families as not 
to endeavour to teach by themselves or others theire Children 
and apprentices so much Learning as may enable them per- 
fectly to read the Inglish tounge, and knowledge of the Capi- 
tall Laws, upon penalty of twenty shillings for each neglect 
ihcrcin." See " Code of Laws estabUshed by the General 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



93 



Court of Conn., May, 1650," as recorded in Vol. 11. of the 
Colonial Records of Conn. 

In tlie year 1671, or twenty-four years after tlie establish- 
ment of public schools by law in the Plymouth Colonies, and 
over thirty years after Harvard college was founded, and a 
printing press set up in Cambridge, Gov. Berkley, at that time 
Governor of Virginia, said of that State : " I thank God there 
are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have 
these hundred years, for learning has brought disobedience and 
heresy and sects into the world, and printing has divulged 
them, and libels against the best government ; God keep us 
from both.'" 

The foUowing Tables Nos. XXXVL, XXXVH., XXX\TII., 
and XXXIX., show the condition of the Academies, Private and 
Public Schools in 1850, as given in the Census Compendium : 

TABLE XXXVI. 

Academies and Private Schools in the Slave States. 



SLAVE STATES. 


Number. 


Teachers. 


Pupils. 


* Annual 
Income. 


Scholars in 

Colleges, 

Academies 

and Public 

Schools. 


Alabama 


166 

90 

65 

34 

219 

330 

143 

223 

171 

204 

272 

202 

264 

97 

317 


380 
126 
94 
49 
318 
600 
354 
503 
297 
368 
403 
333 
404 
137 
547 


8,290 
2,407 
2,011 
1,251 
9,059 

12,712 
5,328 

10,787 
6,628 
8,829 
7,822 
7,467 
9,928 
3,389 
9,068 


$164,165 

27,937 

47,832 

13,089 

108,983 

252,617 

193,077 

232,341 

73,717 

143,171 

187,648 

205,489 

155,902 

39,384 

234,372 


37,237 


Arkansas 


11,050 


Delaware 


11,125 


Florida 


3,129 
43,299 
85,914 
31,003 


Georsria 


Kentucky 


Louisiana 


Maryland 


45,025 


Mississippi 


26,236 


Missouri 


61,592 


North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 


112,430 

26,035 

115,750 


Texas 


11,500 


Virginia 


77,774 






Total 


2,797 


4,913 


104,976 


$2,079,724 


699,079 





94 



THE NORTH-AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XXXYJL 

Academies and Private Schools in the Free States. 



mm STATES. 


Number. 


Teachers. 


Pupils. 


Annual 
Income. 


Scholars in 

CoUeges, 

Academies 

and Public 

Schools. 


California 


6 
202 

83 
131 

33 
131 
403 

37 
107 
225 
887 
206 
524 

46 
118 

58 


5 
329 
160 
233 

46 
232 
521 

71 
183 
453 
3,136 
474 
914 

75 
257 

86 


170 

6,996 

4,244 

6,185 

1,111 

6,648 

13,436 

1,619 

5,321 

9,844 

49,328 

15,052 

23,751 

1,601 

6,864 

2,723 


$14,270 

145,967 

40,488 

63,520 

7,980 

51,187 

310,177 

24,947 

43,202 

227,588 

810,332 

149,392 

467,843 

32,748 

48,935 

18,796 


219 


Connecticut 

Illinois 


79,003 
130,411 
168,754 


Indiana 


Iowa 


30,767 
199,745 


Maine 


Massachusetts 

IVIichigan 

New Hampshire 

!New Jersey 


190,924 

112,382 

81,237 

88,244 


New York 


727,222 


Ohio 


502,826 


Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

Vermont 


440,977 

25,014 

100,785 


Wisconsin 


61,615 






Total 


3,197 


7,175 


154,893 


$2,457,372 


2 940,125 







TABLE XXXVIII. 

Public Schools of the Slave States. 



SLAVE STATES. 



Number. 



Teachers. 



Pupils. 



Annual In- 
come of Pub- 
lic Schools. 



Alabama . 

Arkansas 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Marj'land 

Mississippi .. . . 

Missouri 

North Carolina 
South Carolina 
Tennessee . . . . 

Texas 

Virginia 

Total 



1,152 


1,195 


28,380 


3.53 


355 


8,493 


194 


214 


8,970 


69 


73 


1,878 


1,251 


1,265 


32,705 


2,234 


2,306 


71,429 


664 


822 


25,046 


898 


986 


33,111 


782 


826 


18,746 


1,570 


1,620 


51,754 


2,657 


2,730 


104,095 


724 


739 


17,838 


2,680 


2,819 


104,117 


349 


360 


7,946 


2,930 


2,997 


67,353 



$315,602 

43,763 

43,861 

22,386 

182,231 

211,852 

349,679 

218,836 

254,1.59 

160,770 

158,564 

200,600 

198,518 

44,088 

314,625 



18,507 19,307 581,861 $2,719,534 



A STATISTICAL VIEW 



95 



TABLE XXXIX. 

Public Schools of the Free States. 



FREE STATES. 



Number. 



Teachers. 



Pupils. 



Annual In- 
come of Pub- 
lic Schools. 



California 

Connecticut . . . . 

DKnois , 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Maine 

Massachusetts . , 

Michigan 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania . . , 
Rhode Island, . , 

Vermont . . , 

Wisconsin 

Total 



2 


2 


49 


1,656 


1,787 


71,269 


4,052 


4,248 


125,725 


4,822 


4,860 


1^1,500 


740 


828 


29,556 


4,042 


5,540 


192,815 


3,679 


4,443 


176,475 


2,714 


3,231 


110,455 


2,381 


3,013 


75,643 


1,473 


1,574 


77,930 


11,580 


13,965 


675,221 


11,661 


12,886 


484,153 


9,061 


10,024 


413,706 


416 


518 


23,130 


2,731 


4,173 


93,457 


1,423 


1,529 


58,817 



$3,600 
231,220 
349,712 
316,955 
51,492 
315,436 

1,006,795 
167,806 
166,944 
216,672 

1,472,657 
743,074 

1,348,249 
100,481 
176,111 
113,133 



62,433 



72,621 12,769,901 1 $6,780,337 



It will be seen that in the South a larger proportion of the 
children who attend School, attend at private Schools, than at 
the North. Still the number of scholars in these Schools is 
but a slight fraction over two-thirds as great at the South as at 
the North, and the amount of money paid for the support of 
these Schools nearly $400,000 ^ less in the slave than in the 
free States. 

It is to be regretted that we are unable to compare these 
Schools in other respects, but figures can cany us no further at 
this time. Perhaps by comparing the different sections of tliis 
chapter we may be able to form a just opinion. 

It win be observed that the Public School statistics would 
not be materially affected for purposes of comparison, were 
those of the private Schools added to them. 

The number of pubHc Schools at the South is 18,507 ; at 
the North, 62,433 ; a ratio of about three and one-half to one. 
Teachers at tl^e South, 19,307 ; at the North, 72,621 ; ahnost 



d(j THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

four to one. The number of 'Scholars at the South is 581,861, 
and at the North, 2,769,901 ; nearly five to one, and over 
2,000,000 more at the North than at the South. Indeed, if 
we compare the entire number attending all Schools (Colleges 
Academies, private and public Schools,) we find in the North 
a majority over the South of 2,241,046, which is now more 
than three times the entire number attending School in the 
Southern States. In other words, more than four-fifths of the 
children attending School in the Union are in the free States. 
The amount of money expended annually for these Schools is, 
in the Slave States, $4,799,258 ; and in the free States, 
$9,237,709. 

The State of Ohio is not quite two-thirds as large as Vir- 
ginia. Virginia has 77,764 scholars at School and Ohio has 
502,826. 

The area of Kentucky is very nearly equal to that of Ohio, 
the population almost exactly one-half as great, and the number 
of scholars at School a little more than one-sixth. 

Massachusetts is one-fourth as large as South Carolina, and 
contains nearly four times as many white inhabitants. The 
number of scholars attending School in South Carolina, is 
26,025 ; in Massachusetts, 190,924. 

The amount expended for Schools, both public and private, 
in South Carolina, is $406,089 ; in Massachusetts, it is $1,316,- 
972 ; a difierence of almost a million of dollars. 

The whole number of scholars at School in the fifteen slave- 
holding States, is 699,079 ; in the single State of New York, it 
is 727,222. 

Such are the figures of the Census for 1850. 

Great effort has been made to obtain such statistics as to 
show the condition of all grades of Schools at the present time, 
much more fully than it can be learned from the census for the 
time when that was taken. Not enough, however, could be ob- 
tained for purposes of just comparison, the annual reports 
from the Slave States being so exceedingly meagre. So far, 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 97 

however, as such reports could be obtained, they show that the 
difference between the free and slave States, in regard to ed- 
ucation, is constantly increasing. 

This arises from the want of any regular system for educa- 
tion of the poorer classes, who are increasing so rapidly in the 
Southern States. Proofs of this might be given, were it not a 
well known fact. 

On page 146 of the Census Compendium, it is said of 
" Georgia — no public Schools strictly, but Schools receive a 
certain amount of aid from State funds. This is true for many 
Southern States." 

The State of South Carolina appropriates annually the sum 
of $75,000 to free Schools. Gov. Manning, in his message 
of Nov. 28, 1853, says that "under the present mode of apply- 
ing it, that liberality is really the profusion of the prodigal, 
rather than the judicious generosity which confers real ben- 
efit." 

In the State of Arkansas, only forty Schools were reported 
to the Commissioner for 1854. It is of course utterly impossi- 
ble to obtam any reliable information with regard to the Schools 
there, though we may form a very just opinion concerning 
their character in such a community. The Commissioner says, 
" The great obstacle to the organization of common Schools is 
not so much a deficiency in the means to sustain them, as it is 
the indifference that pervades the public mind on the subject 
of education." 

The amount expended by the State of Virginia, in 1854, for 
the education of poor children, was $69,404. For the mainte- 
nance of the public guard, $73,189. 

New England, whose area is less than one-twelfth greater, 
appropriated $2,000,000 for Public Schools, and felt secure 
without a pubhc guard. 

The State of South Carolina has estabhshed one Free State 
Scholarship ; the State of Massachusetts has established forty- 
eight. 



98 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



In Kentucky, the average number of scholars at school in 
1854, was 7G,429. In Ohio it was 279,G35. The total amount 
of money distributed (for public schools) during the year 
1854, in Kentucky, was $146,047. "the amount appropriated 
by the State of Ohio for the same purpose, was $2,266,C09 ; a 
difference of over $2,000,000. 

There are very many items of expenditure for educational 
purposes at the North, for which the corresponding sums at the 
South cannot be ascertained. Amonoj these are Teachers' In- 
stitutes, holden annually in every county in many of the 
Northern States ; Teachers' Associations, Normal Schools, 
School-houses, &c. The value of school buildings in the State 
of Ohio in 1854, was $2,197,884, and in Massachusetts it was? 
in 1848, $2,750,000 ; even in the little State of Ehode Island 
it is $319,293. The amount raised by taxation for educational 
purposes is now, m each of the three states. New York, Penn- 
sylvania, and Massachusetts, over one million dollars annually. 

The Report of the Commissioner of Public Schools to the 
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, for the year 1851, gives 
the following facts : 

The value of school buildings in the city of Baltimore, is 
$105,729 ; New York, $552,457 ; Philadelphia, $858,224 ; 
and in Boston $729,502.* 

The following table is copied from the same report : 

TABLE XL. 

Showinf) the Condition of Public Schools in certain Cities. 



CITIES. 



Boston 

New York . . 
Phihulelphia 
Baltimore .'. 
Cincinnati . . 
^St. LquIs . . . 



Population. 


Schools 


Teach- 
ers. 


Tupils. 


1.38,788 


203 


353 


21,678 


.517,000 


207 


332 


40,055 


409,000 


270 


781 


48,056 


109,012 


30 


138 


8,011 


•110,000 


17 


124 


0,000 


81,000 


73 


168 


0,642 



Cost of 
Tuition. 



$237,000 

274,794 

341,88» 

32,423 

81,623 



* Besides tin's tliere were paid for new buildings in Boston, $56,000; in' 
Pliiladclpliia, $24,473 ; and in Cincinnati, $10,000. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 99 

The population of Baltimore is 30,000 greater than that of 
Boston. Baltimore has 8,000 scholars at school, for whose 
instruction she pays $30,000. Boston has 20,000, and pays 
for instruction, $230,000. 

It would indeed be interesting, were it a matter capable of 
statistical comparisons, to trace the results of the superior edu- 
cational advantages enjoyed by the children of the North ; to 
compare the philosophei's, orators, and statesmen, men of skill, 
science, or literature, authors, poets, and sculptors, of the two 
sections. To see how many of those, who are most disting- 
uished at the South were born, bred, and educated at the 
North. 

DeBow, in a labored article in the Census Compendium, in 
behalf of the southern schools, says : " An examination of 
Massachusetts shows, out of 2,357 'students,' mentioned, 711, 
or one-third nearly, bom out of the State, and 152, or one-fif- 
teenth, born in the South. On the other hand a southern 
town, taken at random, furnished one out of three editors, four 
out of twelve teachers, two out of seven clergymen, born in the 
non-slaveholding States." 

The presumption is that 7iot so large a proportion of the stu- 
dents in Southern institutions are sent there from the North to 
be educated, and that, on the other hand, not so large a propor- 
tion of the editors, teachers and clergymen of the North are of 
Southern birth and education. 

IV. LIBBARIES. 

The following tables^ N©s. XLL'^od XIjH.-j |ire o:S great 
importance in connectibil \i^|tTi tKe sjj^^jjeplfjo/'i^cjucatjonj'fl^'iow- 
ing the literary tastes, habits of thought,^ and sQ,urces^of ^njoy- ,, 
ment, of the people; . :^ ihes^ fai^Jie^ alsb-shq^^ thi Jcb^^'ter • o| •' 
the various instituli6ns* in the* two seclionV, more correctly than 
it could be ascertained frQhl*aimt)S^ 2^y*<)tKefe sj5wr(5% *^15i'acing 
as they do the Public^ S'tik^l- tSfco^a^ SekGbV.&neJ*& and 
Church libraries : 



100 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 





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Number. 


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Volumes. 


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THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



101 



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Number. 


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Volumes. 


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Numtoer. 


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Volumes. 


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Volumes. 


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Massachusetts . . . 

Michigan 

New Hampshire . . 

New Jersey 

New York 

Ohm 


Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island.... 
Vermont 


§ 


•3 

o 





102 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

From these it will be seen that the total number of volumes 
in the libraries of the South, is 649,577 ; in those of the 
North, 3,888,234 ; a difference more than 3,000,000 m favor 
of the free States. Six volumes in the libraries of the North 
to one at the South. But we need not compare aggregates 
when the difference is so overwhelming. The Sunday School 
libraries of the North are nearly twice as great as the College 
libraries of the South; and the CoUege libraries of the 
North greater than all the libraries of the South. 

Maine has more volumes in her libraries than South Caro- 
lina, Ehode Island than Virginia, or even more than all the 
five states, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and 
Florida; and Massachusetts more than all the fifteen slave 
States. 

Michigan and Arkansas are very nearly equal, both in age 
and territory, Michigan having been admitted into the Union 
in 1837, and Arkansas in 1836; while the area of Michigan is 
56,243 square miles, and that of Arkansas 52,198. JMichigan 
has 107,943 volumes in her libraries, Arkansas has 420 ; a 
ratio of 257 to 1. 

The public school libraries alone of the single state of 
New York, contain more than twice as many volumes as aU 
the libraries together of the whole South. Nor are we to 
suppose that because Common School Libraries, they are neces- 
sarily inferior either in cost or character. We learn from the 
American Almanac for the present year, that in the State of 
Illinois " 690 school libraries, of 321 volumes each, were dis- 
tributed throughout tue state. The aggregate cost of these 
221,490 volumes was $147,222, or an average of $213 for 
each library." 

If the New York common school libraries were purchased 
at a similar cost, (over sixty-six cents per volume,) their value 
is doubtless gi-eater than that of all the libraries in the fifteen 
slave States. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW* 



103. 



V. ILLITERATE. 

Thus far the large figures have been all in one direction, but 
here the case is different. The South is in advance and still 
advancing. 

The following tables, Nos XLIII. and XLTV., show the 
number unable to read and write. It will be seen that the 
number of native white citizens of this class in the free States 
is 248,725, and in the slave States 493,026, a number about 
twice as great in a population of far less than half. 

The number of native white adults who cannot read and 
write, in the State of Tennessee, is 77,017, in a white popula- 
tion of 756,836. The number in New York, 23,241, in a 
white population of 3,048,325. 

TABLE XLin. 

Persons in the Slave States over Twenty Years of Age who cannot Read arid 

Write. 



SLAVE STATES. 



Whites. 



Free 
Colored. 



Natiyes. 



Foreign. 



Natiye 
Whit .8. 



Alabama 

Arkansas .... 
Delaware .... 

JFlorida 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Louisiana .... 
Maryland .... 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

North Carolina 
South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 

Total 



33,757 
16,819 
4,536 
3,859 
41,200 
66,687 
21,221 
20,815 
13,405 
36,281 
73,566 
15,684 
77,522 
10,525 
77,005 



235 
116 

5,645 
270 
467 

3,019 

3,389 

21,062 

123 

497 

6,857 
880 

1,097 

58 

11,515 



33,853 
16,908 
9,777 
3,834 
41,261 
67,359 
18,339 
38,426 
13,447 
34,917 
80,083 
16,460 
78,114 
8,095 
87,383 



139 

27 

404 

295 

406 

2,347 

6,271 

3,451 

81 

1,861 

340 

104 

505 

2,488 

1,137 



33,618 
16,792 
4,132 
3,564 
40,794 
64,340 
14,950 
17,364 
13,324 
34,420 
73,226 
15,580 
77,017 
8,037 
75,868 



512,882 



55,230 



548,256 



19,856 



493,026 



The number in Georgia is 40,794, in a white population of 
521,572, and of Pennsylvania it is 41,944, in a white popula- 
tion of 2,258,160. 



104 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Again. The number of white inhabitants over twenty years 
of age, in the state of New Hampshire, is 174,232. The 
nmnber of native white adults who cannot read and write, is 
893, or 1 in 201. In Connecticut it is 1 in 277 ; in Vermont 
1 in 284 ; and in Massachusetts 1 in 517, In South CaroHna, 
on the other hand, it is 1 in 7 ; in Yirgiaia 1 in 5, and ia North 
Carolina 1 in 3. 

Such facts as these show the condition and character of the 
schools in the North and the South more clearly than all other 
statistics combined. 

TABLE XLIV. 

Persons in the Free States over Twenty Years of Age who cannot Read and 

Write. 



FREE STATES. 



Whites. 



Free 
Colored. 



Natives. Foreign. 



Native 
Whites. 



California 

Connecticut 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Maine 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania . . 
Rhode Island . . 

"Vermont 

Wisconsin 

Total 



5,118 


117 


2,318 


2,917 


4,739 


567 


1,293 


4,013 


40,054 


1,229 


35,336 


5,947 


70,540 


2,170 


69,445 


3,265 


8,120 


33 


7,076 


1,077 


6,147 


135 


2,134 


4,148 


27,539 


806 


1,861 


26,484 


7,912 


369 


5,272 


3,009 


2,957 


52 


945 


2,064 


14,248 


4,417 


12,787 


5,878 


91,293 


7,429 


30,670 


68,052 


61,030 


4,990 


56,958 


9,062 


66,928 


9,344 


51,288 


24,989 


3,340 


267 


1,248 


2,359 


6,189 


51 


616 


5,624 


6,361 


92 


1,551 


4,902 



2,201 

826 

34,107 

67,275 

7,043 

1,999 

1,055 

4,903 

893 

8,370 

23,241 

51,968 

41,944 

981 

565 

1,459 



422,515 



32,068 280,793 173,790 248,725 



CHAPTER IX. 



THE PRESS. 



In tlie language of DeBow : " In every country the press 
must be regarded a great educational agency. Freedom of 
speech and of the press are the inalienable birthright of every 
American citizen, and constitute the ^gis of his liberties." 

The earliest newspaper in North America was the Boston 
News-Letter, issued April 24, 1704. There were in 1775 but 
37 Newspapers in the American Colonies.'* 

Of these there were tlii'ee m South Carolina, two in each of 
the States Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, and one in 
Georgia; making in all 10 in the present slaveholding States. 
In New Hampshire there was one, two in Ehode Island, four 
in Connecticut, the same number in New York, seven in Mas- 
sachusetts, and nine in Pennsylvania ; making 27 in the present 
non-slaveholding States. At that time the white population 
in the two sections was very nearly equal. 

The following tables show the number of papers and their 
circulation, in the several States, in 1810 ; also the number of 
papers in 1828, and of papers and periodicals in 1840. They 
also show the character of the newspaper and periodical press, 
the number of copies printed annually, the number of papers, 
and the cii'culation of each class, in 1850. 



=^ It will be perceived by looking on the 54th page of the Census Com- 
pendium, that there is a descrepancy between the several numbers and the 
amount given. I presume the separate numbers to be correct. 

(105) 



lOG 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XLV. 

Newspapei'S and Periodicals in the Slave States in 1810, 1828 a7id 1840. 





1810. 


1828, 


1840 


SLAVE STATJilS. 


Papers. 


Circulation. 


Papers. 


Papers 
and Peri- 
odicals. 


Alabama 






10 
2 

4 
2 

18 
23 

9 
37 

6 

5 
20 
16 

8 


28 


Arkansas 






9 


Delaware 


2 


166,400 


8 


Florida 


10 


Geor<'"ia 


13 
17 
11 
21 
4 


707,200 

618,800h 

763,900 

1,903,200 

83,200 


40 


Kentucky 


46 


Louisiana 


37 


Maryland 


49 


Mississippi 


31 


IVIissouri 


35 


North Carolina 

South Carolina 


10 

10 

6 


416,000 
842,400 
171,600 


29 
21 


Tennessee 


56 


Texas 




Vii'ginia 


23 


1,289,600 


34 


56 






Total 


117 


6,962,300 


194 


455 







TAELE XLYL» 

Newspapers and Periodicals in the Free States in 1810, 1828, and 1840. 





1810. 


1828. 


1840. 


FREE STATES. 


Papers. Circulation. 


Papers. 


Papers 
and Peri- 
odicals, 


California 










Connecticut 


11 


657,800 


33 

4 

17 


44 


Illinois 


52 


Indiana 


1 


15,600 


76 


Iowa 


4 


Maine 






29 

78 

1? 

22 
161 

66 
185 

14 

21 


41 


Massachusetts 


32 


2,873,000 


105 


Michigan 


33 


New Ilampshire 


12 

8 
66 
14 
71 

7 
14 


624,000 
332,800 

4,139,200 
473,200 

4,542,200 
332,800 
682,400 


33 


New Jersey 


40 


New York ; 


302 


Ohio 


143 


Pennsylvania 


229 


Ithodc Island 


18 


Vermont ' 


33 


Wisconsin 


6 




. . . 








Total 


236 


14,673,000 


649 


1,159 







A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



107 



TABLE XLYH. 

Newspapers and Periodicals Published in the Slave States, 1850. 





Daily. 


Tri-Weekly. 


Semi-Weekly. 


Weekly. 


SLAVE 
STATES. 




Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 


3 


Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 


!2; 


Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 


!2! 

r 


Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 


Alabaina 


6 


869,201 


' 


266,500 






48 
9 
7 
9 

37 
38 
37 
54 
46 
45 
40 
27 
86 
29 
55 


1,509.040 
877;000 


Arkansas 


3 


' 62,466' 


Delaware. . 










358,800 
288,600 


Florida 






1 

3 
7 
6 
4 
4 
4 
5 
5 
2 
5 
12 


31.200 
146,380 

1,125,280 
676,000 
499.700 
245;440 
273,000 
414,310 
549,250 
266,240 
525,400 

1,416,550 




Georgia 


5 

9 

11 

6 


1,086,110 

2,243.584 

9,947;i40 

15,806,500 






2,609,776 


Kentucky 






3,053,024 






1,646,684 


Maryland. 






3,166,124 

1,507,064 
2.406.560 






Missouri 


5 


3,380,400 


North. Carolina. 






1.530.204 


South Carolina.. 


7 
8 


5,070,600 
4,407,666 






1.413,880 


Tennessee 






2.139,644 

771,524 

2,518,568 


Texas 






Virginia 


15 


4,992,350 










Total 


72 


47,803,551 


63 


6,435,250 


3 


62,400 


517. 


25,296,492 



TAELE XLYin. 

Newspapers and Periodicals Published in the Free States, 1850. 





DaUy. 


Tri-Weekly. j Semi-Weekly. 


Weekly. 


FREE 

STATES. 


1 


Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 


1 


Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 




Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 


■1 


Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 


California 


4 

7 
8 
9 


626,000 
1,752 800 
1,120,540 
1,153,092 










3 

30 

84 

95 

25 

39 

126 

47 

35 

43 

308 

201 

261 

12 

30 

35 


135,200 




4 
4 
2 
2 
5 
4 
2 


374,400 
214,500 
195,000 
577,200 
802,900 
351,000 
52,000 






2,117,232 


Illinois 






3.575,936 


Indiana 






2,920,736 









923,000 

2,906,124 

20,371,104 

1,685,736 

3 538,152 


Maine 


4 

22 

3 


964,040 

40,498,444 

1,252,000 






Massachusetts.. . 

Jlichigan 

N. Hampshire. . 


11 


2,070,016 
3,116,360 


New Jersey 


6 

51 

26 

24 

5 

2 

6 


2,175,350 

63,928,685 
14,285,633 
50,416,788 

1,768.450 
172.1.50 

1,053,245 










1,900.288 


New York 

Ohio 


8 

10 
2 


776,100 

1,047,930 

78,000 


13 

"i" 

2 

I 


■62;400 

25,200 

228,800 


39,205;920 
13 334.204 


Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode Island... . 


27,359.384 
963.300 


Vermont 






2,142,712 


Wisconsin 


4 


198,250 




1,395,992 








Total 


177 


181,167,217_ 


JL 


_4,167,28q 


28 


5,502,776 


1 374 19J.47.ti 020 






,- ^- _ 



108 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE XLIX. 

Neivspapers and Periodicals published in the Slave States in 1850. 





Semi 


-Monthly. 


Monthly. 


Quarterly. 


Aggregate.* 


Slave 

STATES. 


c 

1 


Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 




Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 


s 

r 


Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 




Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 


Alabama 


1 


18,000 










60 
9 
10 
10 
51 
62 
55 
68 
50 
61 
51 
46 
50 
34 
87 


2,662,741 


Arkansas 










377,000 


Delaware 














421,200 


Florida 














319,800 
4.070,866 
6,582,838 


Georgia 


6 
8 


228.600 
160,950 










Kentucky 

Louisiana 










1 
3 


146.400 
92;400 


...i 


12^416.224 




1 


48,000 


• 1 


19;612;724 


Mississippi 


::::|:::::::: 


1,752,504 
6,195,560 
2,020,564 
7,145.930 


Missouri 






7 


135,600 






6 
5 


76,050 
102,600 






South Carolina 






2 


9,600 




4 


127,200 


6.940,750 


Texas 










i;296,924 
9,223,068 


Virfrjiiia, 


3 


267,600 


1 


24,000 


1 


4,000 




Total 


80 


901,800 


16 


525,600 


3 


13,600 


704 


81,038,693 



* This aggregate is the aggregate of this table together with the last. 

TABLE L. 

Newspapers and Periodicals published in the Free States in 1850, 





Semi-Monthly. 


Monthly. | Quarterly. Aggregate.* 


FREE 
STATES. 


!2! 


Number 
of copies 
printed 
annually. 


!2! 


Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 


!2! 

B 
a" 


Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 


B 


Number 

of copies 

printed 

annually. 
















46 

107 

107 

29 

49 

202 

58 

38 

51 

428 

261 

309 

19 

35 

46 


761.200 








1 

7 


'•6.000 
147,200 


2 
■ 1 


8,800 
■ 900 


4.267:932 


Illinois 


3 
1 


43,200 
48,000 


5 102 276 




4,316.828 
1 512 800 




2 
1 
29 
3 
2 


12,600 

30.000 

1,357:200 

123.600 

13,800 


..... 




iVIaine 






4 203 064 


Massachusetts . . . 

Michigan 

New Hampshire . . 

New Jersey 

New York 

Ohio 


3 
3 
1 
2 
9 
23 
19 


61,800 

134,400 

15,600 

23,040 

1.704,000 

i;781.640 

6,972,000 


7 


24,000 


64.820.564 
3.247.736 
3 067 552 






4.098,678 

115,385,473 

30,473.407 

84.898:672 


36 


6,629,808 


3 
1 

2 


24.600 

24,000 

7,600 


Pennsylvania .... 
Rhode Island 










2 756 950 


Vermont 


■' 




2 
1 


24.000 
18,000 






2 567 602 


Wisconsin 










2,665,487 












Total 


64 


10,783,680 


84 


8,362,208 


16 


89,900 


1,790 


334,146,281 











* This aggregate is the aggregate of this table together with the last. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



109 



TABLE LI. 

Character of the Newspaper and Periodical Press. — Number of copies 
printed annually in the Slave States, as given in 1850. 



SLAVE STATES. 


Literary Neutral 

and Misrel-and Tnde- 

laneous. 1 pendent. 


PoUtical. 


Eeligious. 


Scien- 
tific. 


Alabama 


265,200 
171.600 

46,800 


313,000 


1,889,169 

205,400 

374,400 

202,800 

1.491:350 

5.245.888 

8,356:224 

4.196.924 

1.519:024 

6;496.280 

1.457.664 

4:310.930 

5.138,580 

660,400 

6,698,176 


158,400 


36,972 




Delaw^are 








Florida 




117,000 
239:200 

429,450 

52.000 

669,400 




Georgia 


1.411,976 

650.800 

657:300 

14,654,000 

2^3,480 

608.800 


747,840 

250.400' 

3,335:100 

8,400 


181.000 


T^entucky 


6.300 

15.6no 


Maryland 


84,000 


Missis'^ippi. .... ....... 








90,480 
182,950 

1,092.040 
195.500 
137,800 

1.001,112 




North Carolina 


266.200 


ii.q.7.!^n 






474:800 ' 2,140',400 
206:200 : 503.9.30 
350.324 1 148.400 
247.SS0 I 1,251,900 


24,800 


Tennessee 




Texas 




Yirginia 


24.000 






Total 


20,245,360 


8,812,620 


47,243,209 


4,364.832 


372.672 



TABLE Ln. 

Character of the Neicspaper and Periodical Press. — Number of copies 
planted annually in the Free States, as given iri 1850. 



FREE STATES. 


Literary Neutral 

and Miscel- and Inde- 

laneous. 1 pendent. 


Political. 


Religious. 


Scientific. 


California 


135.200 62fi.000 








489. 9(X) 
721.700 
647.504 
36.000 
987.216 

11.794.304 
'456.500 
679:480 
181.640 

18.449.016 
3.865.880 

18.515.028 
'280,800 
208,600 
130 000 




3.422.432 

3.384.162 

3,569.324 

1.281,800 

2,501,680 

32.996.800 

2,556.836 

1.673.672 

3.823.138 

45,463.015 

18:865.282 

37.808.960 

i:693,650 

2.025.430 

2,517,487 


223.200 

499.044 
100.000 
7,800 
438.563 
4.405.200 
134:400 
778,000 


7.200 


Illinois 


403,770 


93,600 


TniliaTia. . . 




Iowa 


187,200 




Maine 


275.600 


Masgachusetta ....... 


13,591.000 
26,000 


2 033 260 




74.000 


New Hampshire 

New Jersey 


36.400 


93,900 
37,317.010 

4.220,805 

21:908,548 

'782,500 




New York 


12,438.432 
3.3;34.240 
6,588,136 


1,718,000 


Ohio 


187.200 


Pennsylvania 


78 000 


Pvhode Island 






333,632 




Wisconsin 




18.000 










Total 


57,478,768 79.156.7.33 


163,583,668 ! 29.'>sn.rw^2 


4.5?1;260 






' ' 







10 



110 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



« 6 



% -I 



I 



1^ 



^1 



Circula- 
tion. 



csioooooQO-^oot^oocc)!— (rococo 

O^ (M^ O^ l>^ -^^ O^ 00^ Ol^ 00^ -^^ 00^ t^ 00^ i-H^ >-H^ 

rT t-^ -^^ o" 't" o" cT «o" kn" t>r oT cT 



■rt !>. t^ 

CO 



<X)oooo(Mcot^coo;rii-Hoo 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number. 



Circula. 
tion. 



Number. 



Circula- 
tion. 



o ifi o a> 

O (>4.0 o 
CO O CO o 



o o »n o o 
in o <N o o 
(N^ O^ kO^ o^ c?>^ 
G^T •^'^ (n" r-T eo^ 



CO CO O F-< to 



o o o o o o 
■»t o< o t^ o o 

t^ t^ «5 t^ O G^l 



C^ <X) O t>. <N Oi 



t£iOOOO«5(Mi:^OO'<*»r5r^O00 
CO>-OOOOCOS^COQOTtiiX>i— i'<^moo 

coas^oooiootcicocoiOi— ip-icoo 



. .^ _ ^ _^ -.^ . ^ _ -^ ^.^ _^ . ._^ . .^ -.^ . _^ . ^ co_^ o^ 

'<*' co" ^ so o" irT irT ^^ co^ oo" tjh" cyo eo" oo" i-T 

C^ <NOtJ<C0C^tJ<(N<NC0 o 



OlOlOi-HCOOOTfOOCO 
<NOtJ<C0C^tJ<(N<NC0 



Number. 



■<^ Ol^C0C0TlHTtC0(NC0i-H(X> 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number. 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number. 



W 



H 



aj 



UJ 



O O O 
O O O 
i-H CO Oi 



O O O O 
Tt< o o o 
O CO O t-- 



iO o o o o 

t^ O rH O O 

00 CO iX) Tt (^^ 



(N O (N ^ O 



ooOiOOOOOOOr^O 
COOOlOOOt^OiOCOCTS 
<X)C5OO^-<*«3l:^C0t^«0 

cT tjT c^ ,_r TjT oT irT oT o" ^tT ifT 

C^ I— I <>1 !>• I— I l-H l-H 



00(NC0OOt^00OOt^O 

i-Hr-lr— (G^r-Hi-H r— I r— li— I 



cJ c3 

o o 

►^ «j ,— . Cl, • '-' ^ <» 









A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



Ill 



.3.1 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number. 



V c4^ 00" Co" Co" CO (xT C^" o" ->*" (>f o" n o" icT CO 

' — - ,-M „^ _j .« „^ -1, gv^ ,_, OQ ,-.1 _U ^« 

CD Tti G5 



.lOt^t^oooiooooi-iQo^ocsknio 

f-H rH C^ Tt CM CO 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number. 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number. 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number. 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number, 



Circula- 
tion. 



Number. 



o o 
o o 



o 10 o o 
c o o o 

CO CM 10 t^ 



-H CO • • — I ^ CM r-H 



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OOOOCOWtiOO 



000 
000 
10 Tti vn 



CO o 00 

Tt CO —I 
CM^i-H^O^ 

o 05 a> 
ta 1-1 



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r-lf-HO»r50S<X)05(X)Tj<0 



r-lf-HO»r50S<X)05(X)Tj<00'<*i>>05CO 

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-rjTp-rtCo'orr-rocrcM'o'ararr-rocreo'oi' 

COO-^CMCMI:^CMCO"^OiOOcOi-(COCM 
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CMI>.00CMCMQ000CM'^O010ir-HCM'<* 

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o • o o 

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jSg 



112 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

It win be seen on examination of these Tables, that in 1810 
the number of papers m the Slave States was 117, and in the 
free States, 236 ; almost exactly two to one. The ratio of cir- 
culation was a little larger. 

In 1828, the number of papers at the North was to that at 
the South as 3 to 1 ; and m 1840 as 2 1-2 to 1. The cu-cula- 
tion for those jears is not given. 

In 1850, the number of papers at the South was 704 ; at 
the North 1,799 ; while the cu-culation at the South was 
782,453, and at the North, 4,296,768 ; or over five at the 
North to one at the South. 

The circulation in Michigan, is 52,000 ; in Arkansas, 7,000 ; 
in Kentucky, 84,000; hi Ohio, 415,000; in South Carohna, 
55,000 ; in New Hampsliire, 60,000 ; in Mississippi, 30,000 ; 
and in New Jersey, 44,000 ; in Maryland, 124,000, (which 
is far the largest 'circulation of any Southern State) ; and in 
Massachusetts, 716,969. The cu-culation in Massachusetts, 
is but little less than that in aU the slave States ; that in Penn- 
sylvania is greater by one-fourth than of that entire section ; 
while the circulation of New York is considerably more than 
double that of the whole dominion of slavery. The circulation 
of thfe single paper, the New York Weekly Tribune, is at the 
present time greater than was, in 1850, the circulation of aU 
the newspapers in the States Virginia, North Carolina, and 
IMississippi ; indeed, we might add a couple more slave States, 
and it would still be greater. 

On examining the character of the Newspapers and Period- 
icals in the two sections, we see that a large proportion (more 
than one-half,) of the Southern Papers, are pohtical; and a 
much larger proportion than of the Northern, the proportion in 
the North being less than one-third. In this class they have a 
circulation nearly equal to one-third of the Northern, while of 
the literary and mi.-cellaneous, neutral and independent, it is 
one-seventh ; in tlie scientific, one-eighth ; and in the religious, 
one-ninth. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 113 

These ratios are in some instances greater, if we compare the 
number of copies printed annually. 

The number of copies, of neutral and independent papers, 
printed in a year, in the slave States, is 8,000,000 ; and in the 
free States, 79,000,000. Of the religious, in the slave States, 
4,000,000 ; and in the free States, 29,000,000. Of the scien- 
tific, the number is, at the South, 372,000 ; and at the North, 
4,000,000 ; while of the political, the number at the South, is 
47,000,000; and at the North, 163,000,000. 

The number of copies of scientific papers printed in the fif- 
teen Southern States, is 372,000. The number printed in 
Massachusetts alone, is 2,000,000 ; more than five tunes as 
many as in all the slave States. The number of copies of 
religious papers printed in the fifteen slave States, is 4,000,000 ; 
in the State of New York, 12,000,000. Of neutral and iade- 
pendent papers there are, in the slave States, 8,000,000 ; and 
in Pennsylvania, 21,000,000. 

The political press of either Massachusetts or Pennsylvania, 
issues annually more copies than half the political presses of 
the slave States ; while that of New York issues but a slight 
fraction less than the whole. 

FinaUy. The daUy press of the South issues 47,000,000 
annually ; that of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania the same ; 
and of the free States, 181,000,000. The weekly press of the 
South issues 25,000,000 copies ; that of Pennsylvania 27,000,- 
000; of New York, 39,000,000; and of the free States, 
124,000,000. The New York Daily Herald had a circulation 
nearly, if not quite, half as great as all the daUy papers of the 
slave States, in 1850. 

ThQ aggregate number of copies priuted annually iu Arkan- 
sas, is 377,000; in Wisconsin, 2,665,000. In Kentucky, 
6,000,000; in Ohio, 30,000,000. In Maryland, Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Missis- 

10* 



lltt THE N'ORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

sippi, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas, together less than Massa- 
chusetts. 

In the fifteen slave states, 81,000,000 ; in Pennsylvania, 
84,000,000; in New York, 115,000,000; and in the sixteen 
free states, 334,000,000. 



I 



CHAPTER X. 



POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 



The following tables, Nos. LY., LYI., and liYII., will 
show the amounts actually credited for the transportation of 
the mails in the several States, and the amount of postages col- 
lected in the same, for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1850, 
and June 30, 1855. 

Few tables can be more suggestive, or more amply repay a 
careful investigation, than these. 

At the present day, the energy and business character of a 
people, their roads, raih;i?ads, steamboats, and other means of 
transportation, are all given, in a word, in their Post-Office 
reports. 

TABLE LV. 

Showing the Amounts actually credited for the Transportation of Mails, and 
the Amounts of Postage collected in the Slave and Free States in 1850. 



SLAVE 

STATES. 


Total Postage 
CoUected. 


Transporta- 
tion. 


FREE 

STATES 


Total Postage 
CoUected. 


Transporta- 
tion. 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 


$75,937 75 
17,215 53 
12.521 38 
13,793 24 

101,749 42 
86.472 49 

116,936 06 

121,864 61 
55,536 01 
83,787 95 

■ 46,647 07 
76,108 62 
64,185 86 
28,474 12 

141,579 13 


$143,798 70, 

61.244 90 

6:489 87 

31,701 55 

146.772 94 

87,121 70 

68,464 61 

143,150 97! 

84,256 58, 

101,313 23 

154,977 40i 

108,488 80 

74,142 59' 

114,744 83| 

169,687 83 


California .... 
Connecticut.. . 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Ilowa 


$227,152 82 

119,971 81 

115,184 53 

83,638 03 

26,568 86 

89,761 92 

^ 358,120 72 

62,387 69 

59,902 20 

66,156 20 

933,977 13 

286,311 24 

396,699 91 

39,328 34 

58,965 44 

60,725 35 


$111,515 87 

62,176 13 

156,685 71 

76,225 82 

24,850 05 


Kentucky .... 

Louisianar 

Maryland 

Mississippi .... 

Missouri 

N. CaroUna. . . 
S. Carolina 


Maine 

Massachusetts. 

]Michigan 

]Sr. Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

New York 

Ohio 


46,69025 

132,164 84 

39,634 58 

27,662 00 

42,813 37 

324;970 14 

138,836 32 

146,105 64 

12,088,20 

50,643 93 

34,759 77 


Tenneasee 

Texas 

Virginia 


Pennsylvania . 
Rhode Island.. 

Vermont 

Wisconsin 










Total 


$1,042,809 24 


81,496,356 50i 


.Total 


$2,975,852 19 


$1,427,822 63 



(115) 



116 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE LVI. 

Showing the Amounts actualljj credited for the Transportation of the Mails, 
and the Amount oj" Postage collected in the Slave States in 1855. 



SLAVE STATES. 


Letter 
Postage. 


Newspaper 
Postage. 


Stamps 
Sold. 


Total Post- 
age 
Collected. 


Transporta- 
tion. 




$46,416 
16,894 
9,967 
8,167 
59,117 
59,307 
69,140 
82,029 
36,092 
71,372 
26,831 
36,156 
42,070 
87,373 
92,562 


$13,583 

4,828 

2,377 

2,343 

16,066 

15,065 

13,8a3 

31,712 

11,464 

14,537 

11,692 

8,075 

13,238 

8,532 

28,499 


$44,514 

8,941 

7,298 

8;764 

73,880 

65,694 

50,778 

77,743 

31,182 

53,742 

34,235 

47,368 

48,377 

24,530 

96,799 


$104,514 

30,664 

19,644 

19,275 

149,063 

130,067 

133,753 

191,485 

78,739 

139,652 

72,759 

91,600 

103,686 

70,436 

217,861 


$226,816 

117,659 

9,243 

77,553 

216,003 

144,161 


Arkansas 


Delaware 


Florida 


Georgia 


Kentucky 


Louisiana 


133,810 

192,743 


Maryland 


Mississippi 

Missouri 


170,785 
185,096 


North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 


148,249 
192,216 
116,091 
209,936 
245,592 


Virginia 




Total 


$693,493 


$195,844 


$66,845 


$1,553,198 


$2,385,953 



TAELE LVII. 

Showing the Amounts actually credited for the Transportation of the Mails, 
and the Amount of Postage collected in the Free States in 1855. 



FREE STATES. 



California 

Connecticut.. . . 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Maine 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey .... 

New York 

Ohio 

Pennsylrania . . 
Rhode Island.. . 

Vermont 

Wisconsin 

Total 



Letter 



■ $141,833 

75,691 

142,177 

95,248 

44,54.0 

75,779 

239,894 

77,223 

46,225 

66;045 

734,453 

237,457 

301,646 

23,812 

44,465 

65,406 



$2,412,494 



Newspaper 



$11,319 
24,254 
32,457 
24,578 
9,680 
15,413 
33,226 
15,201 
10,995 
11,556 

100,206 
47,227 
64,073 
4,520 
12,036 
13,959 



$436,700 



Stamps 
Sold. 



$81,437 

79,284 

105,252 

60,578 

28,198 

60,165 

259,062 

49,763 

38,387 

81,495 

542,498 

167,958 

217,293 

30,291 

36,314 

33,538 



$1,719,513 



Total Post- 
age 
Collected. 



$234,591 
179,230 
279,887 
180,405 

82,420 
151,358 
532,184 
142,188 

95,609 

109,697 

1,383,157 

452,643 

583,013 

58,624 

92,816 
112,903 



$4,670,725 



Transporta- 
tion. 



$135,386 

81,462 

280,038 

190,480 

84,428 

82,218 

153,091 

148,204 

46,631 

80,084 

481,410 

421,870 

251,833 

13,891 

64,437 

92,842 



$2,608,295 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 117 

A few of the facts wliicli stand forth prominent in these Ta- 
bles, are the following : 

In 1850, only two slave States, Delaware and Louisiana, 
paid for the transportation of their mails by the amomit of 
postages collected. 

Of the free states, Bliaois alone did not. 

In the slave States, the postages for that year less than paid 
for the transportation, by nearly half a million of doUars. In 
the free States, the postages more than paid for the transporta- 
tion, by over a million and a half of dollars. 

In 1855, this difference is very greatly increased. 

The postages of the slave States less than paid the cost of 
transportaion by over $800,000, while the free State postages 
more than paid the transportation, by over $2,000,000. 

In the slave territory, the only State which paid for trans- 
portation of its mails, by its postages, was Delaware. In the 
free States, the only States which did not, were Illinois, Indiana, 
Iowa, and IVIichigan. 

Neither North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi, Ala- 
bama, or Texas, paid half the expense of transporting their 
mails, by postages received ; while Florida paid less than a 
fourth, and Arkansas less than a fifth. 

Massachusetts paid for her own transportation, and had a 
surplus remaining of more than four times' the amount of post- 
age collected in South Carolina. 

New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, each paid 
for their transportation, by their postages, more than twice 
over, and Rhode Island more than four fold. 

The postages of New York are not an eighth less than those 
of all the slave States, while the expense of transportation is 
but little more than one-fifth the expense in those States. 

The fifteen slave States did not pay, by postages, two-thirds 
the expense of transporting their maUs. 

The free States paid for theirs, and had a surplus of over 



118 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

$2,000,000 ; half a million more than all the postages col- 
lected in the slave States. 

In other words, the free States, in this matter, support them- 
selves, pay the deficit in the slave States and have over 
$1,200,000 besides. 



CHAPTER XI. 



CERTAIN BENEVOLENT OBJECTS. 

The following tables, Nos. LVIII. and LIX. show the 
amount contributed in the several States, for the IMissionary, 
Tract, and Bible cause, by all tbe principal Christian denomi- 
nations, except the Methodist. This denomination is not 
included in the tables, from the fact that all receipts are re- 
turned by conferences, which are frequently made up of several 
parts of States, thus precluding the possibility of separating so 



TABLE LVm. 

Showing the Amount contributed in the Slave States for purposes of Christian 
Benevolence in 1855, together with the Value of Churches in 1850. 



SLAVE STATES. 


Amount con- 
tributed for 
the Bible 
cause. 


Amount con- 
tributed for 

Missionary 
purposes. 


Amount con- 
tributed for 
the Tract 
cause. 


Value of 
Churches, 

1850. 


Alabama 


$3,351 
2,950 
1,037 
1,957 
4,532 
5,956 
1,810 
•8,909 
1,067 
4,711 
6,197 
3,984 
8,383 
3,985 
9,296 


$5,963 

455 

1,003 

340 

9,846 

6,953 

334 

20,677 

4,957 

2,712 

6,010 

15,248 

4,971 

349 

22,106 


$477 

110 

163 

5 

1,468 

1,366 

1,099 

5,365 

267 

936 

1,419 

3,222 

1,807 

127 

6,894 


$1,244,741 
149,686 
340,345 
192,600 


Arkansas 


Delaware 


Florida 


Georgia 


1,327,112 


Kentucky 


2,295,353 


Louisiana 


1,940,495 
3,974,116 


Maryland 


Mississippi 


832,622 


Missouri 


1,730,135 
907,785 

2,181,476 

1,246,951 
408,944 

2,902,220 


North CaroUna 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 


Texas 


Virginia 






Total 


$68,125 


$101,934 


$24,725 


$21,674,581 





(119; 



120 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



TABLE LIX. 

Showing the Amount contributed in the Free States for purposes of Christian 
Benevolence in 1855, together with the Value of Churches in 1850. 



fuee states. 


Amount con- 
tributed for 
the Bible 
cause. 


Amount con- 
tributed for 
Mi-ssionary 
purposes. 


Amount con- 
tributed for 
the Tract 
cause. 


Value of 

Churches. 

1850. 


California 


$1,900 

24,528 

28,403 

6,755 

4,216 

5,449 

43,444 

5,5.54 

6,271 

15,475 

123,386 

25,758 


$192 
48,044 
10,040 

4,705 

1,750 

13,929 

128,505 

4,935 
11,963 
19,946 
172,115 
19,890 
43,412 

9,440 
11,094 

2,216 


$5 

15,872 

3,786 

1,491 

2,005 


$288,400 

3,599,330 

1,532,305 

1,568,906 

235,412 

1,794,209 

10,504,888 

793,180 


Connecticut 


Illinois 


Indiana 


Iowa 

Maine* 


Massachusetts^ 




Michi'i'an 


1,114 


New Hampshire* 

New Jersey 


1,433,266 
3,712,863 

21,539,561 
5,860,059 

11,853,291 

1,293,600 

1,251,655 

512,552 


3,546 
61,233 

9,576 
12,121 

2,121 


New York 


Ohio 


Pennsylvania 


25,360 


Ehode Island 

Vermont* 


2,669 
5,709 
4,790 


Wisconsin 


474 








Total 


$319,667 


$502,174 


$131,972 


$67,773,477 



* ?18,628 as given in the Report for the four together. 



as to give the amount from eacli State. Indeed, there is some 
difficulty in dividing the amount justly between the slave and 
free States ; but this is not as great as in dividing it between 
all the several States, since the sum collected in all the confer- 
ences, made up partly of slave and partly of free Territory, is 
but $35,000, which could make but httle difference in the 
result, however it might be divided. The amount collected for 
the Tract cause and the support of missions, Avas, for the past 
year, in the Northern conferences, $225,000, of which $35,000 
was from conferences embracing both slave and free territory. 
According to the Annals of Southern Methodism, for the year 
1855, the amount raised in the Methodist Church South, in the 
year 1854, was $108,931, "and for the year just closing, the 
amount will fall somewhat below that," says the author. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 121 

Taking these facts and dividing tlie $35,000 according to 
the best of our information, the amount contributed for these 
purposes, in the Methodist Church, is a few thousand dollars 
greater in the free than in the slave States. This of course 
is exclusive of the operations of the " Book Concern," &c., &c. 

The amount contributed by all other denominations is given 
by States in the tables, which are compiled from the last 
amiual report of the several societies. 

The amount contributed in the slave States, for the Bible 
cause, was, during the past year, $68,125 ; in the free States, 
$319,667 ; a ratio of over 4 1-2 to 1. The amount contributed 
for the support of missions was, in the slave States, $101,934, 
and in the free States, $502,174 ; almost exactly five doUars to 
one. The amount contributed in the slave States for the pub- 
lication and distribution of Tracts, was $24,725 ; and in the 
free States, $131,972; a ratio still greater, and over five dol- 
lars at the North to one at the South. The amount contributed 
in the State of Massachusetts, for the support of missions, is 
greater than in all the slave States, while the amount contrib- 
uted in the State of New York, both for the missionary and 
Bible cause, was nearly twice as great as in all the territory of 
slavery. 

It will be seen that the value of Churches in the slave States 
is $21,674,581, and in the free States, $67,773,477 ; a ratio of 
more than 3 to 1 — the Churches of New York being equal in 
value to those of the fifteen slave States. 

The amount contributed in the several States for the various 
benevolent objects which from time to time present themselves, 
it is impossible to ascertam. But the report of the Portsmouth 
Relief Association, just published, shows the amount received 
from the different States " For the relief of Portsmouth, Va.^ 
during the prevalence of the yellow fever in that town in 
1855." It is certainly gratifying to see that the call for help 
was so promptly answered from the most distant States. The 
amount of money contributed by the slave States, exclusive of 
11 



122 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

Virginia, in which State the sickness prevailed, was $12,182. 
In the free States it was $42,547, or 3 and 1-2 times as much 
in the free as in the slave States. Including the State of Vir- 
ginia, the amount given by the slave States was $33,398, or 
$9,141 more given by the sixteen free States than by the fif- 
teen slave States. This is exclusive of provisions and other 
valuable supplies, amountmg to thousands of dollars, sent from 
all parts of the Union. 



CHAPTER XIL 

MASSACHUSETTS AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

In this chapter are given the full statistics of -Massachu- 
setts and South Carolina, in 1850, bj counties, as published 
in Compendium of the Census ; to which are added tables 
showing the number of men furnished by the several States 
in the Revolutionary war, the number of pensioners in 1840, 
and extracts showing the action and condition of the State 
of South Carolina in the war of the Revolution. 



TABLE LX. 

Statistics of Massachusetts — Census of 1850. 





Population. 


Counties. 


Whites. 


1 


AU Classes. 


Total Population. 




Male. 


Female 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


1850. 


1840. 


Barnstable 

Berkshire 

Bristol 


17,803 

23,958 

'36,641 

2,306 
63,862 
15,407 
24,943 
17,392 
76.918 

4,119 
38,562 
27,720 
68,622 
65,840 


17,350 
24.300 
38,018 

2,181 
66,820 
15,372 
25,837 
18,011 
83,758 

3,939 
40.081 
27,521 
73.857 
64.312 


35.153 

48,258 

74,659 

4.487 

130,682 
30,779 
50.780 
35,403 

160.676 

8.058 

78i643 

55,241 

142,479 

130,152 


123 

1.333 

i;533 

53 

618 

91 

503 

329 

707 

394 

249 

456 

2.038 

637 


17.868 
24:629 
37:342 

2.328 
64,148 
15.455 
25.171 
17:550 
77,286 

4,391 
33.679 
27.948 
69.557 
66,165 


17,408 
24,962 
38.850 

2.212 
67,152 
15,415 
26,112 
18,182 
84,097 

4,061 
40,213 
27,749 
74.960 
64,624 


35.276 

49,591 

76.192 

4:540 

131,300 
30,870 
51,283 
35,732 

161.383 

8,452 

78,892 

55,697 

144.517 

130,789 


32,548 
41,745 
60 164 


Dukes 


3,958 
94,987 
28,812 
37.366 
30,897 
106,611 

9,012 
53 140 


Essex 


Franklin 

Hampden 

Hampshire 

Middlesex 

Nantucket 

Norfolk 


Plymouth 

Suffolk 


47.373 
95 773 


Worcester 


95,313 



(123) 



124 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Accommodation of 
Churches — Persons. 



Whites over 20 unable 
to read and write. 



Whites 5 and under 
20 years old. 



White Scholars during 
the year. 



Total Educational 
Income. 



Annual In- 
come. 



Pupils. 





'u 


o 




'-1 


o 






-a 




ci 








^ 


s 


-2 


o 


B 





Annual In- 
come. 



Pupils. 



Families. 



Dwellings. 



Foreign 
Countries. 



United States. 



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A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



125 



Irish and Sweet 
Potatoes, Bushels. 



Indian Corn, 
Bushels. 



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Neat Cattle. 



Horses, Asses, and 
Mules. 



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ments and Imple- 
ments. 



Acres Unimproved. 



Acres Improved. 



Farms. 



cocD(^^Ol^3<-HcocDcD^OlC(^^^oo 

<M CI 00 CI CT5 OC> Cvj O O O O TtH r^ CO 
00 C5 O CO Oi^Cl l-^Ti^^l~ CD O TjH^Cfl^Oi^ 

00 L~rH CO cf CO c>^i-^aia£ on r-Tco" 

t- l^ O oo 00 CO cue T-H -* •* -* l^ 1— I 
Cl^iO tH^CD i-'^CO -*,»^'#^i— I l-^0_CD l-^ 

rH~ait^ cfcDi-^t^cT co'cd" c<r 



»C>05T-HI:~Cql^000iT-HC?-<4<CJi-*O 



C005ClCOi-(ClCOC5CO(N-*in(M(M 
OOOCCIClCICOiOi— I00500CO-*CO 
l-^-* VO 03 C5 C^T-* CJ^CJ^l^ CCr-na CD_ 

t-^cf id rH lo^i-^aTT-TcTco i-^r-Tco cd" 

(Ml-~OlM'*C505T-ICl oo rH 
C<li-I rH r-( r-( <N IM i-l >H »0 



(35t^t~»COOt^lClCCOOOt-l>-CDlO 

COOi'THCDOCOrH>ipc:iiOCO-*l.^-<4H 

t- oo_»^Cfl i^i^cD o5^cq^ '^'*, "^ 
cfcq cq'cf c4 c^T-*^ cac^" t-^ 



11# 



126 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Tobacco, Pounds. 



Molasses, Gallons. 



Maple Sugar, 
Pounds. 



Flax, Pounds. 



Flaxseed, Bushels. 



Clover & other Grass 
Seeds, Bushels. 



Hops, Pounds. 



Hay, Tons. 



Butter and Cheese, 
Pounds. 



Buckwheat, Bushels. 






iOrMCO^(M 



odc<rc<f 



oor— oooiix> 



QOO (M 

COi-l O 



) O N CO «D lO r-l (rq 



TttcoiOi-icoo-^coaiooooco^os 
T— i'*»oooii>.t--oo5-*kOi-':!-^o 



3CO 

O O5^CO^<^00 CD t^ lO lO c^c^c^ «o,o^ 
i-l 00 <M IM i-H 1-1 (M CO CO (M CO O CO 

i-icD^'* t-(^^,c^coo_ ■^»o -^ 

Co" rHr-Tr-Tr-r tjT 



cot^co . CO lO c3:> t^ <r> .^Oi .a 

CD'*!-! .COOO-^COCO .iDCO . iC 
-coco .-^rtlCCXMOO .rt<(M .W 



Barley, Bushels. 



Tj<CDO-^(M05e<JiM»0 00C<lt^u:i05 
r-e^HCOt^CvIOOQOQCCOC^ICDCDO-* 
I- l-^^rH^l^ C^rH^O^W t>;^C35 -^^Cq^lO OO^ 

c^oi-^ efooi-Tioof ioco~ ;^ 



Peas and Beans, 
Bushels. 



•2 ^ • 






..■e3^i||illli| 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



127 



Produced in 
Families. 



Annual 
Product. 



Hands 
Employed. 



Capital. 



Wine, Gallons. 



Value of Orchard 
Produce. 



e^b-C>030(35(Mlt^OO 



i-HCOlOOlO-*00»C(MOOlC«0<35T-1 

i-HCDCsoocoi-Oi— iTt<i— cqi— ithtjh 
oo iJ^o CO o5^co «^-^ irs^o cj_i>^o^o>^ 

iH C^ (M r-t COi-H 



cot~coco«:>-*co>oioiO(MiS9^^ 

t-COiO C<l050D-5t(COi-(?DOClt- 



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O»Jt>l0Ot~(MO00O< 
05 05' I— I O 'i* »0 05 -* 00 C 
COt^COl-^COt^iOl^COC 



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•l^QO 

)QOi-l 



I^^OCO .r-lTHO< 
^r-(C3 .05(M(Mi 
»0 CD . < 



(MCOCD(Ml^iX>i-iOiX>r-l-<*H(M-*iO 



Talue of Produce of 
Market Gardens. 



i^cDco . i-H o ># 1-1 iM •* CD eg O -rW 

OOcpO .CO-'tlCiCOOOCbOSOlMeD 
OOCO .^L^OSCDCiOit^iOOCD 



Valu€ of Animals 
Slaughtered. 



Beeswax and Honey, 
Pounds. 



Silk Cocoons, 
Pounds. 



NiOr-IOCOCDMlOb-NOSeqcOCJS 
CqCOOl-CDl-Tf^Tfir-iaiOOiOOO 

CO CD CQ^-* -* <:D^cq^cio_05^-^oq^r^oo^co^ 
c<r 00 CO CD ■* "^cTio cTio'cTcD'Tirt-r 

i-OOCRr-ll-CDOOOi-l iMt^ t- 
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sS 



-st^ClCOTHCSOt^lMeOrH 

T-ICDOOCD(MCO'*iOCOr-l 



Wool, Pounds. 



(MOO 
i-l(M 



005 
OlCOi 

co^< 



i050»CO<35C<305N 
I C<I •^ l^ 1- l^ "* 1— ( 

> lO O -^ O^ 00 CD <N 






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128 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



o 1 

00 i 



cS 


•— ' 1 


X 1 


h-l e 


s 1 


P^^i 


Hi ;: 


ttO 


<.^ 


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2i 

3 <^ 



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0»OOr-ICOOOC005(MiO'— iOC30<rsC<Ji?qC035-*C0(M00»0C30'-Ht^O 
troO>.'tl-*«Cl^rMr-iOOI-iOC0010CC)'-HOC<lC3rHCOOOOOCrCOrH05 
Tt<TOCOiC(MCOCOO(MiOCO " — " ' 









lO L-- I-H 00 ( 



) (Ni-H CO CO O 05 CD C:> <© 00 «D G5 00 jH • 
COL—(Mr-(00Tt<r-i tH tHO rHi 






>C<l-*b-C0«:!C00Ct~Ot^05C0<M'*C0OOlMI>-C0 



CO^OOC0001^-*OC(M-<*COrH(X;-*C: 



OCOCDOOOOOCnCOlONCRlMCD 



OCr5COirt)(MCR(MCDOCiC<M»CCOCOOOr-tOOOOCO(3iO 
t-HOOO-^T—ITfCQCC-^^tMCiCOCOCOCOt^l^COrtiC^IOSQOr-l 
r!^iC>IOilDCDi:rC-ll~C<|iOL^iOC5^r-i05iOOiMOC'0(Mt- 



c<j_aocD^O 

CD r-i'c»j"orco"ci iOrfi 00 Oi O O O CO t-^ IC 



ICDOOlOOrHOOOCOCDOCDCS 




(M ■* OC 35 »0 t- ^ <M T-M »0 CD CO >— I lO 00 -^ CO t- O O 00 ■* 05 00 (35 iC (M CO t— 
•-Dr-IOL~l-CCC:t^^!M'!f<iOC5t~l^r-<i.OiCCslOOOaOt^l:^COCD0500 
(M_ O O CJ^l-^ 00 O0_CO C^l-;_C^(^}^OOlCO_O^U^^O^CDCO_CO CD 05^0^0 CO O^O 

05 1^-* irf-* aTco".-? o^c^T^j^ oo~co irfor»o~rH~irrt-^ocf icco^c^Too co o oo^ocT 

i-l rHCOO (N T-l CI 7-1 rH tH t-I i-l rH (M 7-( 



t~-*i-IC;rHCOCr(35(MtOOr-(U3C5-*t--*COCDCDCOOOOTHO(MCOt^t- 
051— il~--DxtiT-(T— l-*OOC50C5'5l<i-li-IOOC^OiCrHt-CQOO-*Tj(COCQ 
CO COOOOr-<(MCO (M (M C<1 iH T-I r-1 <M r-H lO CO i-l i-l 



(MCO(MlOiCOOCOCDCDCDt^(MCOiO-*»Or-lL^05»Ot-OOCO:DOOC505CC— 1 



KOlOOOiOCOCDrHlOCDT-*05lOCqi0005t^CQ(MC:5(MOOCOCOOt-Ocp 
T-l C» 00 CO OO O CD O rH CO CX) CO C4 r-t f - " ^ 

CO o o C5^c<j^o co^co <rq^T 

CD^l-^CD cf c4~-<*^CO'odcO~a; COr-lCDC4(M(MOCO-*(MCO-^CDCOOi'*-<*i-rOi 



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ltg|tl..l|ii§l||isg|glj! 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



129 









Neat Cattle. 



Horses, Asses, 
and Mules. 



r- C3 <M Cq (M CO C: iM CC iCl- O rH o t- -* oc u-r -^ :/. T# CO cc c; irt U-? tr: I - o 

00 lO O O >0 OT-T-i^ CC O -^T-TTir of C^f 1-^ CO CO C4 O^Tti^rJ^ c4 1^ c£- O r^ iri 

I— I 



Value with Im- 
provements 
and Imple- 
ments. 



Acres 
Unimproved. 



Acres 
Improved. 



Farms. 



Accommoda- 
tion of Churcli- 
es — persons. 



OvOOOCCeO?COCC^ll~-T-lt-001^'*OlCOC<3it«-OC<JU5«0»i50C5l^t^COI 

LC^t^cocr^c-^—i^ocio-^rtOi-OTjioi— nr:)iOT-(-*i--*-rtfi^coo; 
Ci (M 1:0 CO c: ct 1-- CO L- o i^ a: O cc cc Oi QC cc O i~ c: CO o c:^ cc c; (M CO i-H 



ocO'+iOOcqt^^occcooooocxjoosco^cococrcrM-ci.-irtcr, o! 

i-H oc o >r; (M cc t~ CO QC CO :c ci CO ^ CO r~ C3 T-i •* T-i i^ o CO ' ~ -. 1 -^ tr CO ~ 

to cTi-^i-rco'i-Tco t-^iif^-^'ci^^' s^ro~co"oo~o'"ic o t-^cd trfcx: u-' ri r; — ' — ' ccT 

80 1-- o o i~ o c<i CO lt:; qc c; o 00 -^ cc CO 1-- 3C oc o i~ c: L-- ~. -r "-O vr C5 ■ 
xOcoccc:T-^c:ccciCO(Mt-i— icOTtiiooococii^T-ir-oi^f^T-icci^^ 



)<M(MvOiO00 COlMlOCOlOlM 



-*t-I(Mt-ICOC07-IC<J(MCOCO 



r-ti0C0Oi000t-0CCC(MC0-*O 
CO O Oi CO O CO T-H o o — ' " 

o ^co^'^-'^T-H^co -* Tj< o s<i_ lO i^ Ci C5 o: 
oC'fi-^r-^oco'i 



CO cc^iC i-^co i» CO (M 01 CO -"ti oi ■ i 

- — .-- c^io c/i t^Gcc: ?-i cococii~cf'^crc<f-*"ir r^T-?»o?>ico" I 

c-i 00 LO oc co^*' ^co-^crco-— coi-OiCioccooococoi^coLCiococooC' ! 

■*<MC:COCOi-IC<lCOtOCOC^lCOC^l^(MT-((MrtiCOC<jT-ll-Ttic^JCOCO<M^(M | 



CO o CO a: c? T-H 1— I lO (M C5 CO c: t- ^ s^i 00 m cr? CO o iM CO CO cc CO -* 1^ o o 
csi L- 1- DC CO o T-< I- CO i~Ci n 01 CO o c<) c<i CO o :-v i:t t: c; C-] CO i~oo CO C5 
co^^co^c^i c-1 cc u'^^ r-i CO lO CO i~ CO rH t- Lt L- CO CO c; CO 's-i -* co c^i t- co lO 
(^^oc"t-ofco'c-^c^f^'co'co— ''— ' — 'co'r-To --" " ' '--' 
rH i~- oc CO cc — u-r N CM CO oi -rr CO CO CD o 

CQi-HrHIMi— Ir-i tHt-I(Mt-< r-1 i— I 



^ L-:; c-T — ' CO o; i~ CO N o CO 

i-1 oc CC X — - CC O CM CO t^ CO 



■>#COOCC<l(M-«*<CCCCt^OiOOOC^COOCOr— ^r-^iCCO— 'COvi^CO<r5-*((M 
I— I CC Lt ^ oc -rH Tf 3C iC CO 1~ >0 CO CO CC CC O CO I- (M ^ O CO ^ i-O -^ CO L'^ ilc 
CC_05^iq^0C CO OC L-: OC^ QC O^CO 10 CO I— CO U5 CO OC' CO_CO O^C-T C-1 LC IC CO oc ^ CM 
r-Tr-Tr-T cf r4 t-h' r-T r-TrHi-n" rHT-T r-T 



icoooo 10 cooo 0000000000 

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ic_co^ -* ^.i-^ '^I ^^c;^ ^, ^, ^ ~, '-; (^', o, oc _^,- ^ 

i-^cm' cr' oc o CO ocTo'c; co' o cc o 00 cTo'cfTo i-h ci 

(MCM--lr-. rri 7-H CMt-I 7-1 T-HCMrHi-H 



icooooorc^c:;?— 

CM ^1^1,.- .-t — OCO 
OC -*^ O^CM^O C-| -*-^r-<^30 
Co' CO CO Ss" CO '^ -Tf^Ot^ , 



AVhites over 20 o o ^ c 
unable to read SJnS.cviT 
and write. I 



T-^ v.»^ CM CO C-.,' li.^ T—i t.^1 (jtj q 
IC^li— 't-CMiCi— I OCT— ( 



cC'+^cr 

CO -^ CO t^ t~ 



1- CO ( 

Oi-i 



"Whites 5 and I o 05 o .-< oc co co -*< o co to 
years 
old 



o r^ CO ut CO c^i T-< ' 



-COuC 
rjH^CM'cC of C^i C-1 C^l CO' of iC C'f r-i CQ ■* CM ■* rH^'cM Co' O 



CO u~ cc 
CML~C0' 



AYhite Scholars 
during year. 



Total Educa- 
tional Income. 



Annual 
Income. 



Pupils. 



, 









eS 


> 






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OC0OOTt<OOC0OCQOOOO0aOC0OO-*C-lC0C0OOrH05OCD' 
10 CM CO C^l CM O -* lO O 00 lO O O L~ l~ C-1 CO O CO I^ CO OC to O I- T— 10 CO ' 
COCQT—i-HTi^rHO-* L~ CO a. CC 00 CO -*! uO O O L- CO --H CO' OC CM L- 05 CM i-H lO 



COr-l t 



lOOOOOCMOOOCOO'OOiO 

■^OOCOO-^r-H-^COCMCCOOO!-^ v. .- -. . ■■ • — . . 

CQ^-^T-H^OO^L'^O^iO^L^ CO^CO CM CO QO CO^'X^ iC^O^'^l-^CD^r-H CC_CO_CD^O OO^CO^rH -<J^_ 



COOOOCOeOO'^OTOOOOOCOOTOOO-^i-IOOOO^'^OOCO 

c-ioa50r-iiococ^ooi~ooc-*cocooioc^iccc-ii-Goooi-i^co 

00 -* lO T— I ■* CO CO O t^ j-1 C5 -* CO O GO i- CO UO !— irH CO r-*OiO-<4< CO r-l 



OCi 

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ooococoo-*ooo 
M I- GC o o; -C cc >o o o 

CO oc iO; lO -O^ CO -^' CO o o 



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&.t? O § J? j; C 3"S'S'5 ^ cS-S 






«3 c« 






130 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



o a 

iK c 



Cane Sugar. 

IDids. of 1000 

rounds. 



Maple Sugar, 
i'ounds. 



Flax, Pounds. 



Flaxseed, 
Bushels. 



Clover & other 

Grass Seeds, 

Bushels. 



IIops, Pounds, 



Hay, Tons. 



Butter and 
Cheese, 
Pounds. 



Buckwheat, 
Bushels. 



Barley, 
Bushels. 



Peas and 
Beans, 
Bushels. 



Irish and 

Sweet Potatoes, 
Bushels. 



Indian Corn, 
Bushels. 



Rye and Oats, 
Bushels. 



Wheat, 
Bushels. 



Swine. 



fheep. 



C5 O O 1^ O CO -O C^i 

o 01 th -^ oc oc o 

O CO T:f . Tt< C<J 



OC i^ o crs lo lO <N 



COl-iOrHT-IOOOO^OOiO 



COlO 



C 00 
I- CM 



ccco 

C^ICX- 



00-#iC 

ooc^ii- 

CCi<MO 






CCOOCOCOOOOl-'Oi 
<M CO 00 C<J •<*< (M :o 'M T 

T-H J— I C<Jl 



CO CO rH O 1 

rH cr- ^ O C 
O^OC^OOj^Ot 

;C0t^>OrH 



CCCOC^T-1 
r-l <M I 



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rHO 
00 CO 



■<*TtHQ0C0C0C000C5i000l:^OC0iC00C000iC(MC^C0T— lOQO-^ 
i-lrHCCiOr-l'*a0rHC0i0C0rHC:;O00OC^1(M-*r-<^r-(:rc;O 
O-*OC0 0CL-O00r-n0O(M0CrHC;^'*CD0CC<IC0C0t-OC0 



^ (M u-O OO I 

oooc cooo j 

Ci O O O ! 



tv 1-^ -. I.. ^ (-^ ^ C^ QO lO CO O CD CO O lO -<* (M l^ CO O O L 

Tji -jr .-O i-H UO "*! OC w O I— I -* O T— i T-H O O C ■* lO OO OJ <M I - Cvl 00 i-H i.O ' _ 

oo^o 00 c^i^co co^'* c<i, -^^ 1-H vc c;:_ o^o^CM CO c^o^cc^^io^co co^c;^co^oc_^ oo_^co co <m 
crcDo">o~<rrco~a:r-Hc:"o— ' "' *"""" -■^ -""'"--'■--'--'" -' -'■--"" -'"- ' -' -" 

CO -*i CO oc <--> -^ "^ -^ — ^ ^'~ 



co^ c; ci o CM ^ c^ Qo lo i^ w --^ >-■.' ^.^ ".. -j- 

•^ -'- -- rH ut-^ OO -^ O I— I -* O T— i T-H O O C 

CM^CO CO^'* CM ■^.,'-*. iC o:_ 0_O^CM_^CO C^__^ __^--^_^ . -^_^- .^-- — -.-.- -. 

>o~c; co~a: r-H c:"o cm' ci oc^oc'ic o'cfiM'^co co~to lo'co^o cm cc'cT co oc' 

OCCO-*iO-<*<r-HOCL-OOOCOO-*riCOiOa5GOOi— iGSCil-^-*-^ 
-*lCO CMi-Hr-l CM r-l t-1 i-l r-l r-l CO r-\ 



COCiClr-lt^Oi— i^l^Or-ICMTfOiO00rH0000O0000i-H00-*O0000t~i 
CO -* CM t>- CM l^ O -* to 00 CO T—i CC O -^ 1—1 O I— I T-H I- lO T-H i-H O O Ol t^ T-l -* I 
CM^ii^CO^CD_CO O^CO^O^CO^-dH^-* CO l-^i-H^rH CM_^ CM^iO_t-;^CD^O^-* CD Oi CO O O l-;.-^ I 

T^croTcQ^L-^oo t-^CM^T-Tio^oTco t- 1— c^i~cM io^cm'co^i-T'-h'-* ^"co cocTuf cTo ' 

lOCMCOOSr-ll^OOOl^iOCMCOCOCMCOLOCJOOl^iiTlCDi-HCOCOl-iOiOOOOi 
OaOOOTtlTjHiOCMCOTjHrHiOi-iCD rriCO COOCCO'^lCOCOCOCO'^t^OCl-CDCQCOl 



0040COCO-*COCDrHxCOO-<*rHTjH,-HCMl^i— lO'-^CM-^i-OrHOOO; 
l-OiCOr-ICOl-Ol^iOOCr-lcni-COOOCOC-lCOCOC^lC^CMCMOCO 

CM^co^io o co^-^i~ CO c: CO c: oc o '^ ~. co i~ »--: cm ci^rtH^cM^co co o 
CM~c:5~io cj cTTiTr-r -ri^'co I- Gc r-j' t-h' CO CO CO -* CO oTo 00^1-^^!^'^ 

00 O T-1 C^l •* i.^ -* CO t~ CO -^ C^4 r-^ 



CO '^i CO oi 
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r-ICqcOin«O-*-*C0CMOC0iraCM'*rH-^-*CMCOC0igiOCM00C0OCDCqi0 
OCCCDCOCOCOO-rrOST-lCO-^OOOCM-^Cn^OOCOr-ICOiOCOOrHOOt-lOl 
i=icOOO-<t(CMOOC35-*OOOCMCM CO_-<*l CO CO^CO as^Cft^O^O^^^O^O OJ T^^^CM^'^^-^I 

oToo'cm" ii^'cM'"ci~cM'~cM''o CD '^^jd^S^SS "^"rf^P'SS^S '^'?^' "^JS '^'';^; 

CiOli— I »Ot— I T—ICOCO CO CMC^ICO i— ILt-I-* O CD CD 




O-+i0COt:H0CC0CCOC0CMOC0rH2J0iCCI^JMC0CDrHOt^C0( 



■^ooi-i— icoooicococo 



) CO CO CO CO l~-<i<iCC000t-Tti05OCDCDi-lv0i--!-*00CgCD-*i'*C0l-' 
^r-{r^^r^T-\ r-^ r-\ r-l r-l rH t-H ri r-1 



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A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



131 



Produced in 

Families. 



I -+■ »-0 CO O C5 lO O O O CO o 

L- n -dH ci r; o 00 ^ I- CO o 

l~ I- cr --CI- ^ O CM O rt< CO 



.(M(M i-l to T-l ^ CO CO (M CO CO (N -* r-( T-l 



Annual 
Product. 



Handa 



C L.-f O O -— ' O -ti O C: O O OS O C; O O irt< CO 

•■- — o CO " :r CO Lt I - rs o 1— I f-^ c<i csi o 1— I TJ1 
-; >— _ c'l c; r^ CO ':^ 1-1^:^0 (>i^u-r^i--r rH oo^r-H^t-^co^ 

-^ — ' •_*' ~ — ' i-i '/ l-^rH lO -rlToC of Ol-^ CTcTcD^ 
~ CC OI c; -r ~ 3C I—I t- CO -^ CO ^- CO d ■* — ' l-~ 
-lOli^l 1-r-! CO CM r^ 1-1 -* i-l 



-5 

M I 

3 i Employed, 



Capital. 



Wine, Gallons 



Value of Or- 
chard Produce 



Value of Pro- 
duce of Market 
Gardens. 



Value of 

Animals 
Slauslitered. 



Beeswax 

and Honey, 

Pounds. 



Silk Cocoons, 
Pounds. 



CO CO -^ lO CO CM CO CO CO ■* O -* O CJS lO uO O 1-1 
— CO-^L-rHCOr-HOCMCOl.— J-^OiOOOCOvOO'l 
T}<OiC0 Tjir-ICM rlO (MrHj-i CMCO 



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132 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTIONART WAR. 

The number of men wliicli the several States furnished 
in the Revolutionary war is shown in the following table, 
compiled from the Report of the Secretary of War to the 
House of Representatives, May 10, 1790. The " conjectural 
militia " served for short periods, — from two months to eight. 
In Virginia and South Carolina, the aggregate of such militia 
is increased considerably by the addition of militia raised 
temporarily to defend the State legislatures while in 
session. 



TABLE LXII. 

Statement of the JSio/iber of Men furnished hij the several States in the 
Revolutionary War. 



FREE STATES. 



New Hampshire 
Massachusetts .. 
Rhode Island . . 
Connecticut . . . . 

New York 

Pennsylvania . . 

New Jersey . . . . 

_• 

Total 



Number of 

Continental 

Troops. 



12,496 
, 67,937 
5,908 
32,039 
17,781 
25,608 
10,727 



•2,496 



Number 

of 
MUitia. 



2,093 
15,155 
4,284 
7,792 
3,312 
7,357 
6,055 



46,048 



Total 
Continental 

Troops 
and Militia. 



14,589 
83,092 
10,192 
39,831 
21,093 
32,965 
16,782 



218,544 



Conjec- 
tural 

Estimate 
of ililitia. 



3,700 
9,500 
1,500 
3,000 
8,750 
2,000- 
2,500 



30,950 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 
TABLE J.X11.— Concluded. 



133 



SLAVE STATES. 


Number of 
Continental 

Troops. 


Number 
of 

miitia. 


Total 
Continental 

Troops 
and MUitia. 


Conjec- 
tural 
Estimate 
of Militia. 


Delaware 

Maryland 


2,387 
13,912 
26,672 
7,263 
5,508 
2,679 


376 
5,464 
4,163 
2,^16 


2,763 
19,376 
30,835 
9,979 
5,508 
2,679 


1,000 

4,000 

21,880 

12,000 

28,000 


Virginia 


Jforth Carolina 


South Carolina 


Georgia 


9 930 






Total 


58,421 


12,719 


71,140 


76,810 





TABLE LXIII. 

Number of Pensioners returned by the Census of 1840. 



FEEE STATES. 


SLAVE STATES. 


Maine 

New Hampshire 

Massachusetts 

Vermont 


. . 1,409 
.. 1,408 
.. 2,462 
.. 1,320 
601 


Delaware 

• Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina 


4 
. . . . 95 

. . . . 993 
609 


Rhode Island 


South Carolina 


318 


Connecticut 

New York 


.. 1,666 
. 4 089 


Georgia 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Florida 


. . . . • 325 
192 


New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 


.. 1,627 
. 1 251 


. . . . 63 
12 


Ohio 


875 


895 


Indiana 


380 


886 


Illinois 


. . 195 
90 


122 


Michigan 


24 


Wisconsin . . , 


9 


16 


Iowa 


9 








Total 


1 7 SRJ. 


Total 


. . . .4,554 





12 



134 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

ACTION AND CONDITION OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE 
REVOLUTION. 

Our first extract in regard to tlie course of South Carolina 
is from a carefully prepared article by Charles C. Hazewell, 
Esq., published in the Boston Daily Chronicle, August 12, 
1856: 

The first Southern authority that we shall quote, is that of 
an actor in the business spoken of — WiUiam Moultrie. There 
is no purer name connected with the history of our Revolution 
than that of Moultrie. He commanded the American forces 
that successfully defended the fort on Sullivan's Island, June 
28th, 1776, against a strong British squadron — perhaps,- aU 
things considered, the most gallant action of the war, and the 
last that was fought, so far as we know, while our country was 
still in a formal condition of colonial dependence. The fort 
was subsequently named after him. He served with brilliancy 
and usefiilness subsequently to the date mentioned, and rose to 
the rank of major-general in. the national service. He was 
elevated to the place of Governor of South Carolina, in days 
when men thought worthy of that post would sooner have died 
than have approved of an attempt to commit murder. In 1802, 
Governor Moultrie pubHshed, in two \o\\xmt?>, Memoirs of the 
American Revolution, so far as it related to the States of North 
and South Carolina, and Georgia, etc. This is an interestiug 
work, boldly written and faithfully compiled, and bearing on 
every page evidences of the author's ability, integrity, and en- 
lightened patriotism. He was, in short, worthy to stand side 
by side with Marion, Sumpter, Laurens, and the rest of those 
Carolina soldiers who served their country so well, and whose 
eminent worth has ever been admitted by all Northern men. 
When the British Gen. Prevost (Moultrie calls him Provost) 
appeared before Charleston, May 11th, 1779, Gen. Moultrie 

(130) 



A STATISTICAL VIET7. 135 

was appointed to command the troops in that town, by Gov- 
ernor Rutledge and the comicil, who were then and there pres- 
ent. He represents the governor to have been much fidght- 
ened, overrating the enemy's force, and underrating that of the 
Americans. Governor Rutledge, says Gen. Moultrie, " repre- 
sented to me the horrors of a storm ; he told me that the State's 
engineer (Col. Senf ) had represented to him the lines to be in 
a very weak state : after some conversation, he proposed to me 
the sending out a flag, to know what terms we could obtain ; 
I told liim, I thought we could stand against the enemy.; that I 
did not think they could force the lines ; and that I did not 
choose to send a flag in my name, but if he chose it, and would 
call the council together, I would send any message: they 
requested me to send the following, which was delivered by 
]VIr. Kinloch : 

" General Moultrie perceiving from the motions of your army, that 
your intention is to besiege the town, would be glad to know on what 
terms you would be disposed to grant a capitulation, should he be in- 
clined to capitulate." (Moultrie's Memoirs, vol. I., p. 427.) 

To this message, Gen. Prevost made a reply, full of those 
promises which the British commanders were so ready to give, 
and equally ready to break after their enemies had been de- 
luded into placing faith in them. This letter was given to the 
governor, who called a meeting of the council, at which Moul- 
trie, Pulaski, and Laurens were present. The question of 
giving up the town was argued, the military men all advising 
the civilians not to think of surrendering, and showing that the 
enemy could be beaten off; but Gov. Rutledge would have it 
that the American force was much exaggerated, and was ready 
to believe in any statement that exaggerated the British strength. 
Finally, Gen. Moultrie was authorized to send an answer to 
Gen. Prevost, refusing to surrender on the latter's terms, but 
offering, if he would appoint an officer to confer on terms, to 



136 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

:end one to meet him, at such time and place as Gogt-, Prevost 

might fix on. Gen. Moultrie says : 

'' Wlien the question ^Yas carried ^^r giving up the town upon a neutrality, 
I will not say who was for the question but this I well remember, that Mr. 
John Edwards, one of the privy council, a worthy citizen, and a very 
respectable merchant of Charleston, was so affected as to weep, and said, 
* What, are we to give up the town at last? ' 

" The governor and council adjourned to Colonel Beekman's tent on 
the lines, at the gate. I sent for Colonel John Laurens from his house, to 
request the favor he would carry a message from the governor and coun- 
cil to General Prevost ; but when he knew the purpose, he begged to be 
excused from carrying such a message that it was much against his incli- 
nation ; that he would do anything to serve his country ; but he could not 
think of carrying such a message as that ! I then sent for Colonel 
M'Intosh, and requested he would go with Colonel Eoger Smith, who 
was called on by the governor, ^\ith the message ; they both begged I 
would excuse them ; hoped, and requested I would get some other per- 
son. I, however, pressed them into a compliance ; which message was as 
follows : 

" ' I propose a neutrality during the war between Great Britain and America, 
and the question, whether the State shall belong to Great Bri- 
tain, OR REMAIN ONE OF THE United States ? he determined hy 
the treaty of pjcace between those two powers.' " (Memoirs, Vol. I., pp. 
432-33. 

John Marshall, so long Chief Justice of the United States 
Supreme Court, a Virginian by birth, and a man of the highest 
reputation, has given a brief account of what happened at 
Charleston after Prevost's arrival before it. " The to"\vn was 
summoned to surrender," he says, " and the day was spent in 
sendmg and receiving flags. The neutrality of South Carolina, 
during the war, leaving jhe question whether that State should 
jinally belong to Great Britain or the United States to be settled 
in the treaty of peace, was proposed by the garrison and 
rejected by Prevost.". (Marshall's Life of Washington, vol. I. 
pp. 298-0, PJhil. ed., 1832.) 

Among the historians of the American Revolution is Dr. 
Ramsay, of South Carolina, whose history was pubHshed in 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 137 

1789. In liis account of what happened at Charleston, after 
Gen Prevost's arrival before that place, occurs the foUowing 
passage : " Commissioners from the garrison were instructed to 
propose a neutrality during the war between Great Britain and 
America, and that the question whether the State shall belong 
to Great Britain, or remain one of the United States, be de- 
cided by the treaty of peace between these powers." The 
British commanders refused this advantageous offer, alleging 
that they had not come in a legislative capacity, and insisted 
that, as the inhabitants and others were in arms, they should 
surrender prisoners of war. (Ramsay, p. 425.) 

The last authority we shall quote is Professor Bowen.* Af- 
ter mentioning the proposal made to the British commander, he 
comments on it as foUows : 

" This proposal did not come merely from the commander of a military 
garrison, in which, case, of course, it would have been only nugatory ; the 
governor of the State, clothed with discretionary powers, was in the 
place, and probably most of his council along with him. Whether such 
a proposition would have been justifiable under any circumstances is a 
question that needs not be discussed ; at any rate, it would not have 
evinced much honorable or patriotic feeliug. But to make such an oflfer 
in the present case was conduct little short of treason. Till within a fort- 
night, not an enemy's foot had pressed their ground ; and even now, the 
British held no strong position, had captured none of their forts, and 
occupied only the little space actually covered by the army in front of the 
town. The garrison equalled tbis army in strength, and might safely bid 
it defiance. No succors were at hand for the British, while the certain 
arrival of Lincoln within a week would place them between two fires, and 
make their position eminently hazardous. Yet, with these prospects be- 
fore them, the authorities of the place made a proposition, which was 
equivalent to an offer from the State to return to its allegiance to the British 
crown. The transaction deserves particular notice here, because the sur- 
render of Charleston, in the following year, a surrender brought about by 
the prevalence of the same unpatriotic feelings, was made the ground of 
some very unjust reflections on the conduct of Lincoln, their military 
commander." (Life of Benjamin Lincoln, in Spark's American Biogra- 
phy, Sec. Ser., vol. XHI., pp. 285-6 " 



^ Of Harvard University. 
12* 



138 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

This was the action of South Carolina in 1779. In the 
early part of the next year, a British force under Sir Henry 
Clinton appeared before Charleston, and on the first day of 
April broke ground within half a mile of the American works. 
Clinton was aided by a naval force under Vice Admiral Ar- 
buthnot. The American forces in Charleston were some 2,000 
regulars, and twice as many militia and armed citizens, under 
the command of Gen. Lincoln. 

On the 10th of April, 1780, the British commanders sent to 
Gen. Lincoln a summons to surrender the city of Charleston, 
to which Lincoln promptly returned the following answer 
(which, with the other papers in this chapter relating to the 
doings of the year 1780, we take from " Almon's Eemem- 
brancer," a work of 17 vols., published in London during the 
Kevolutionary war. The work is extremely rare, and the 
copy which we use is that belonging to Harvard University) : 

" To Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, and Vice Admiral Arbuthnot, etc. : 

'^ Gentlemen, — I have received your summons of this date. Sixty 
days have passed since it was known that your intentions against this 
town were hostile, in which, time has been afforded to abandon it ; but 
duty and incHnation point to the propriety of supporting it to the last ex- 
tremity. 

" I have the honour to be, etc., 

(Signed,) "B. Lincoln, 

" Commander in the South Department. 
"Charles-Town, April 10, 1780." 

On the 8th of May, a second summons was sent by Gen. 
Clinton, to which the following answer was returned : 

" To Ms Excellency, Sir Henry Clinton : 

" Sir, — The same motives of humanity whicli inchned you to pro- 
pose articles of capitulation to this garrison, induced me to offer those I 
had the honour of sending you on the 8th instant. [In answer to Clin- 
ton's summons of the 8th, Lincoln had proposed terms of capitulation, 
which had been rejected by the British commander, llefcrence is here 
made by Gen. Lincoln to the rejected terms.] They then appeared to me 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 13B 

such as I might proffer, and you receive, with honor to both parties. 
Your exceptions to them, as ihoj principally concerned the militia and citi- 
zens, I then conceived were such as could not be concurred with ; but a 
RECENT APPLICATION FROM THOSE PEOPLE, wherein they express a wil- 
lingness to comply with them, and a A^dsh on my part to lessen, as much as 
may be, the distresses of war to individuals, lead me now to offer you my 
acceptance of them. 

" I have the honour to be, etc., 

(Signed,) "B. Lincoln. 

" Charles-Town, May 11, 1780." 

[The terms were, the Continental troops to be held as prisoners of war, 
the militia and citizens prisoners on parole, the town and fortifications to 
be surrendered without change, etc.] 

To show the feelings of the people of South Carolina after 
the surrender of Charleston, we give the following extract of 
a letter from Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germaine, 
one of his majesty's principal secretaries of state, dated " Head- 
Quarters, Charlestown, South Carolina, June 4, 1730:" 

" With the greatest pleasure I further report to your Lordship, that the 
inhabitants from 'every quarter repair to the detachments of the army, 
and to this garrison, to declare their allegiance to the Eng, and to offer 
their services in arms in support of his government. In many instances 
they have brought prisoners, their former oppressors, or leaders ; and I 
may venture to assert, that there are few men in South Carolina who are 
iiot either our prisoners, or in arms with us.'^ — Almonds Rem., vol. x., 
p. 76. 

The following petition is to the same effect. It is found in 
the work before quoted, vol. x., pp. 83, 186 : 

" To their Excellencies, Sir Henry Clinton, Knight of the Bath, General 
of his Majesty's forces, and Mariot Arbuthnot, Esq., Vice Admiral 
of the Blue, his Majesty's Commissioners to restore peace and good govern- 
ment in the several colonies in rebellion in North America : 

" The humble address of divers inhabitants of Charles- 

Tow^N : 
" The inhabitants of Charles-Town, by the articles of capitulation are 
declared prisoners on parole ; but we the underwritten, having every in- 



140 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

'^.ucement to return to our allegiance, and ardently hoping speedily to be 
re-admitted to the character and condition of British subjects, take this 
opportunity of tendering to your Excellencies our warmest congratula- 
tions on the restoration of this capital and Province to their political connec- 
tion with the Crown and Government of Great Britain ; an event which will 
add lustre to your Excellencies' characters, and, we trust, entitle you to 
the most distinguishing mark of the Royal favour. Although the right 
of taxing America, in Parliament, excited considerable ferments in the 
minds of the people of this Province, yet it may, with a religious adher- 
ance to truth, be affirmed, that they did not entertain the most distant 
thought of dissolving the union which so happily subsisted between them 
and their parent country ; and when, in the progress of that fatal contro- 
versy, the doctrine of Ixdebendexct, ivhich originated in the more 
Northern Colonies, made its appearance among us, our nature re- 
volted at the idea, and we look back with the most painful regret on those 
convulsions that gave existence to a power of subverting a Constitution, 
for which we always had, and ever shall retain, the most profound vener- 
ation, and substituting in its stead a rank democracy, which, however care- 
full}^ digested in theory, on being reduced into practice, has exhibited a 
system of tyrannic domination only to be found among the uncivihzed 
part of mankind, or in the history of the dark and barbarous ages of an- 
tiquity. 

*' We sincerely lament, that after the repeal of those statutes ivhich gave 
rise to the troubles in America, the overtures made by his Majesty's Commis- 
sioners, from time to time, were not regarded by our late rulers. To this fatal 
inattention are to be attributed those calamities which have involved our 
country in a state of misery and ruin, from which, however, we trust, it will 
soon emerge, by the wisdom and clemency of his Majesty's auspicious 
Government, and the influence of prudential laws, adapted to the nature 
of the evils we labour under ; and that the people will be restored to those 
privileges, in the enjoyment whereof their former felicity consisted. 

*' Animated with these hopes, we entreat your Excellencies' interposi- 
tion, in assuring his Majesty, that we shall glory in every occasion of 
manifesting that zeal and affection for his person and government, with 
which gratitude can inspire a free and joyful people. 

" CiiARLES-TowN, June 5, 1780. 
(Signed,) 

John Wragg, James Cook, Gideon Dupont, jr., 

William -Glinn, Chr. Fitz-Simmons, Jer. Savage, 
John Stopton, John Davis, Andrew Reid, 

John Rose, Benj. Baker, sen., Zeph. Kingsby, 

Wm. Greenwood, John Fisher, Alex. Oliphant, 

Jacob Vulk, Charles Atkins, Paul Hamilton, 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 



141 



Robert. Wilson, 
Leonard" Askew, 
And. McKensie, 
Rob. Lithgow, 
Wm. Wayne, 
Ja. G. Williams, 
James Ross, 
John Moncrief, 
John Wells, jun., 
Allard BelUn, 
Jolm Wogner, 
John Ward Taylor, 
Jock Holmes, 
James Megown, 
Wm. Davie, 
James Burning, 
John Sprisd, 
Wm. Nervcob, 
John Daniel, 
John CoUum, 
John Smith, 
Lewis Dutarque, 
James McKlown, 
Wm. Burt, 
John Watson, 
Anthony Montell, 
James Lynch, 
George Grant, 
Abraham Pearce, 
John INIiot, 
Fred. Augustine, 
John Webb, 
Robert Williams, 
Alex. Macbeth, 
John Robertson, 
John Liber, 
Hugh Rose, 
Patrick Bower, 
Thomas Tod, 
Brian Poskie, 
Thomas Eustace, 
Emanuel Marshall, 



And. Mitchell, 
Farq. McCollum, 
George Adamson, 
' William Valentine, 
Christo. Williman, 
D. Pendergrass, 
Daniel BeU, 
Edw. Cure, 
Thomas Timms, 
Thomas Buckle, sen. 
Hopkins Price, 
George Denholm, 
Roger Brown, 
James Strictland, 
Wm. McKimmy, 
Michael Hubert, 
David Bruce, 
John Gray, 
Tho. Dawson, 
Tho. Winstanly, 
Cha. Ramadge, 
Wm. Bower, 
Alex. Walker, 
John Lyon, 
Robert Philip, 
Robert Johnson, 
David Taylor, 
John LatuiF, 
John Gillsnoez, 
John B arson, 
Ja. Donavan, jun., 
Nicholas Boden, 
Ja. McKensie, 
Henry Walsh, 
Isaac Clarke, 
John Durst, 
William Cameron, 
John Russell, 
John Bell, 
John Hayes, 
James McKie, 
James Gillandeau, 



Ch. Bouchomeau, 
John Bury, 
Daniel Boyne, 
Peter Lambert, 
Hen. Bookless, 
Wm. Edwards, 
Tho. Buckle, jun., 
Henry Ephram, 
John Hartly, 
James Carmichael, 
Samuel Adams, 
Chr. Shutts, 
Alex. Smith, 
John McCall, 
John Abercrombie, 
Joseph Jones, 
Henry Branton, 
John Callagan, 
John Ralph, 
Samuel Bower, 
George Young, 
Jos. Milligan, 
Anthony Geaubeau, 
William Smith, 
J^s. Robertson, 
Michael Quin, 
John Gomley, 
Walter Rosewell, 
Richard Dennis, 
John W. Gibbs, 
Benj. Sinker, 
John Bartels, 
Wm. MiUer, 
John B urges, 
Thomas Hutchinson, 
Thomas Else, 
Alex. Harvey, 
John Pafford, 
Tho. Phepoe, 
Samuel Knight, 
Archibald Carson, 
Tho. ElHott, 



142 



THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 



Thomas Clary, 
Tho. Hooper, 
Ch. Sutter, 
Robert Lindsey, 
Tho. Richardson, 
James Rach, 
Peter Dumont, 
Tho. Saunders, 
Ed. Legge, 
Henry HardrofF, 
Aaron Locoock, 
Arch. Bro^vn, 
Wm. Russell, 
Thomas Coram, 
James Hartley, 
Andrew Thompson, 
William Layton, 
Nich. Smith, 
Andrew Stewart, 
John Hartley, 
Tho. Stewart, 



Hugh Truir, 
Lewis CofFere, 
Hugh Kirkham, 
Wm. Farrow, 
Wm. Arisam, 
Tho. Deighton, 
Robert Paters on, 
John Parkinson, 
John Love, 
Alex. Ingles, 
WilUam MUs, 
James Duncan, 
Ja. Blackburn, 
John Johnston, 
Samuel Perr\^, 
Geo. R. Williams, 
Matthias Hunkin, 
Edm. Petrie, 
Wm. Nisbett, 
Geo. Cook, 
Peter Procue, 



Gilbert Chaliner, 
Arch. Downs, 
Alex. Johnstone, 
James Eagan, 
Ja. Bryant, 
James Courtonque, 
Joseph Wyatt, 
John Cuple, 
James McLinachus, 
Wm. Jennings, 
Patrick McKam, 
Robt. Beard, 
Stephen Townshend, 
Ja. Snead, 
Ch. Bumham, 
Rob. McLitosh, 
Charles H. Simonds, 
G. Thompson, 
Isaac Lessence, 
Isaac Manych." 



The following is a part of Benedict Arnold's Address to the 
inhabitants of America, justifying Ms treason. The Address 
appeared in the New-York Gazette of Nov. 11, 1780. "We 
copy from " Almon's Remembrancer," vol. x. p. 344. The 
reader will note the similarity of language and reasoning to 
that used by the " 210* principal inhabitants" of the capital of 
South Carolina : 

*' To the Inhabitants of America : 

" I should forfeit, even in my own opinion, the place I have so long 
held in yours, if I could be indifferent to your approbation, and silent on 
the motives which have induced me to join the Iving's arms. A very few 
words, however, shall suffice on a subject so personal ; for, to the thou- 
sands who suffer under the tyranny of the usurpers in the revolted Trovincbs, 
as well as to the great multitude who have long wished for its subversion, 
this instance of my conduct can want no vindication, and as to the class of 
men who are criminally protracting the war from sinister views, at the expense 
of the public interest, I prefer their enmity to their applause. ^ * * 

'' When I quitted domestic happiness for the perils of the field, I con- 



* In the list which we copy, 206. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 143 

ceived the rights of my country in danger, and that duty and honor called 
me to her defence. A redress of grievances was my only object and aim > 
however, 1 acquiesced in a step which I thought precipitate, the Declaration of 
Independence ; to justify this measure, many plausible reasons were urged, 
which could no longer exist, when Great Britain, with the open arms of a 
parent, offered to embrace us as children, and grant the wishedfor redress. 

# # * # " "With respect to that herd of censurers, whose enmity 
to me originates in their hatred to the principles by which I am now led to 
devote my life to the re-union of the British Empire, as the best and only 
means to dry up the streams of misery that have deluged this country, they 
may be assured, that, conscious of the rectitude of my intention, I shall 
treat their malice and calumnies with contempt and neglect. 

"B. Arnold. 

"New Yoek, October 7, 1780.'* 

On the same 5tli day of June, 1780, when the principal 
inhabitants of South Carolina were petitioning to be " re-ad- 
mitted to the character and condition of British subjects," and 
offering their " congratulations on the restoration of their capital 
and province to their political connection w;ith the crown and 
government of Great Britain," -the following is the brief record 
of Massachusetts (" Almon's Remembrancer," vol. x. p. 193) : 

"Boston, June 5. 
" Wednesday being the anniversary for the election of Counsellors, the 
General Assembly met at the State-House, and, afer the oath of allegiance 
to the State was administered to the gentlemen returned from the several 
towns, to serve as members of the Hon. House of Representatives, they unan- 
imously made choice of Hon. John Hancock, Esq., for Speaker, and 
Samuel Freeman, Esq., for their Clerk. The two Houses, escorted by 
the Independent Company of this town, then proceeded to the old Brick 
Meeting-House, where an excellent sermon was preached by the Kev. Mr. 
Howard, from Exodus xviii. 21." 

Of this House of Representatives, it may be further said, 
that it numbered one hundred and seventy-six members ; a 
number not quite so large as the two hundred and ten South 
Carolinians. In this list of Representatives, appear the names 
of Hancock, Austin, Lowell^ Phillips, Parker, Sedgwick, Pres- 
cott, Pickering, etc. 



CHAPTER Xni. 

THE LAWS OF KANSAS. 

That our readers may understand exactly what the laws are 
which the free State men in Kansas are now threatened with 
death for disobeying, we present such portions of the statute 
book of that Territory as relate especially to the institution of 
slavery. The public must judge whether or not the laws de- 
serve the epithets, " outrageous," " unconstitutional," " disgrace- 
ful," lately bestowed on them by Mr. Cass, Mr. Geyer, and Mr. 
Weller. The title of the volume from which we quote, is : 
" The Statutes of the Territory of Kansas, passed at the first 
Session of the Legislative Assembly, one thousand eight hun- 
dred and fifty-five. To which are affixed, the Declaration of 
Independence, and the Constitution of the United States, and 
the Act of Congress organizing said Territory, and other Acts 
of Congress having immediate relation thereto. Printed in 
pursuance of the statute in such cases made and provided. 
Shawnee M. L. School: John T. Brady, PubBc Printer. 
1855."* Pp. 1058. 

Elections. — (Chapter QQ, section 11, page 332.) 

Every free white male citizen of the United States, and 
every free male Indian, who is made a citizen, by treaty or oth- 

* This volume is extremely rare. There is thought to be but one copy 
in New England — the one we have used — which belongs to Dr. T. H. 
Webb, of the Emigrant Aid Company. At ftie treaty, recently made by 
Gov. Shannon with the free State men at Lawrence, it was one of the 
stipulations that two copies of this work should be furnished the people 
of Lawrence. Wo have not learned whether the governor keeps hia 
promisea as well as usual. (iaa\ 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 145 

erwise, and over the age of twenty-one years, who shall be an 
inhabitant of this Territory, and of the county or district in 
which he offers to vote, and shall have paid a Territorial tax, 
shall be a qualified elector for all elective officers ; and all In- 
dians who are inhabitants of this Territory, and who may have 
adopted the customs of the white man, and who are liable to 
pay taxes, shall be deemed citizens ; Provided, that no soldier, 
seaman, or marine, in the regular army or navy of the United 
States, shall be entitled to vote by being on service therein ; 
And provided further, that no person who shall have been con- 
victed of any violation of any of the provisions of an act of 
Congress, entitled, " An act respecting fugitives from justice, 
and persons escaping from the service of their masters," ap- 
proved February 12th, 1793 ; or of an act to amend and sup- 
plementary to said act, approved 18th September, 1850; 
whether such conviction were by criminal proceeding, or by 
civil action for the recovery of any penalty prescribed by either 
of said acts, in any court of the United States, or any State or 
Territory, of any offence deemed infamous, shall be entitled to 
vote at any election, or to hold anj^ office in this Territory ; And 
provided further J that if any person offering to vote shall be 
challenged and required to take an oath or affirmation, to be 
administered by one of the judges of the election, that he will 
sustain the provisions of the above recited acts of Congress, 
and of the act entitled, " An act to organize the Territories of 
Nebraska and Kansas," approved May 30, 1854, and shall 
refuse to take such oath or affirmation, the vote of such person 
shall be rejected. 

Sec. 12. Every person possessing the qualification of a 
voter, as herein above prescribed, and who shall have resided 
in this Territory thirty days prior to the election at which he 
may offer himself as a candidate, shall be eligible as a delegate 
to the house of representatives of the United States, to either 
branch of the legislative assembly, and to aU other offices in 
tin's territory, not otherwise especially provided for ; Provided 

13 



1-16 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

however, that each member of the legislative assembly, and 
every officer elected or appointed to office under the laws of 
this territory, shall, in addition to the oath or affirmation spec- 
ially provided to be taken by such officer, take an oath or 
affirmation to support the constitution of the United States, the 
provisions of an act, entitled, " An act respecting fugitives from 
justice and persons escaping from the service of their masters," 
approved February 12, 1793 ; and of an act to amend and 
supplementary to said last mentioned act, approved September 
18th, 1850; and of an act, entitled, "An act to organize the 
Territories of Nebraska and Kansas," approved May 30, 
1854 

Officers. — (Chapter 117, section 1, page 516.) 

All officers elected or appointed under any existing or subse- 
quently enacted laws of this Territory, shall take and subscribe 

the followmg oath of office : " I do solemnly swear, 

upon the holy Evangelists of Almighty God, that I will sup- 
port the Constitution of the United States, and that I will sup- 
port and sustain the provisions of an act, entitled, ' An act to 
organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas,' and the 
provisions of the law of the United States, commonly knowTi 
as the ' Fugitive Slave Law^ and faithfully and impartially, 
and to the best of my ability, demean myself in the discharge 
of my duties in the office of ; so help me God." 

Jurors. — (Chapter 92, section 13, page 444.) 
No person who is conscientiously opposed to the holding of 
slaves, or who does not admit the right to hold slaves in this 
Territory, shall be a juror in any cause in which the right to 
hold any person in slavery is involved, nor in any cause in 
which any injury done to or committed by any slave is in issue, 
nor in any criminal proceeding for the violation of any law 
enacted for the protection of slave property and for the punish- 
ment of crimes committed against the riglit to such property. 



A STATISTICAL VIEW. 147 

Attorneys at Law. — (Chapter 11, section 3, page 132.) 
Every person obtaining a license (to practice law) shall 
take an oath, or affirmation, to support the Constitution of the 
United States, and to support and sustain the provisions of an 
act, entitled, " An act to organize the Territories of Nebraska 
and Kansas," and the provisions of an act, commonly known as 
the " Fugitive Slave Law," and faithfully to demean himself in 
his practice, to the best of his knowledge and ability. A cer- 
tificate of such oath shall be endorsed on the license. 

Slaves. — (Chapter 151 ; page 715.) 
An Act to punish offences against slave property/. 

Section 1. Be it enacted, by the Governor and Legislative 
Assembly of the Territory of Kansas, That every person, bond 
or free, who shall be convicted of actually raising a rebellion, 
or insurrection of slaves, free negroes or mulattoes, in this Ter- 
ritory, shall suffer death. 

Sec. 2. Every free person, who shall aid and assist in any 
rebellion or insurrection of slaves, free negroes, or mulattoes, 
or shall furnish arms, or do any overt act in furtherance of 
such rebellion or insurrection, shall suffer death. 

Sec. 3. If any free person shall, by speaking, writing, or 
printing, advise, persuade, or induce any slaves to rebel, con- 
spire against, or murder any citizen of this Territory, or shall 
bring into, print, write, publish, or circulate, or cause to be 
brought into, printed, written, published, or circulated, or shaU 
knowingly aid or assist in the bringing into, printing, writing, 
publishing, or circulating in this Territory, any book, paper, 
magazine, pamphlet or circular, for the purpose of exciting 
insurrection on the part of the slaves, free negroes, or mulattoes, 
against the Territory, or any part of them, such person shall 
be guilty of felony and suffer death. 

Sec. 4. K any person shall entice, decoy, or carry away out 
of this Territory, any slaves belonging to another, with the 



148 TDE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. 

intent to deprive the owner thereof of the services of such 
slaves, or with intent to effect or procure the freedom of such 
slave, he shall be adjudged guilty of grand larceny, and, on 
conviction thereof, shall suffer death, or be imprisoned at hard 
labor for not less than ten years. 

Sec. 5. If any person aids or assists in enticing, decoying, 
or persuading, or carrying away, or sending out of this Terri- 
tory, any slave belonging to another, with intent to pl'ocure or 
effect the freedom of such slave, or with intent to deprive the 
owner thereof of the services of such slave, he shall be ad- 
judge^ guilty of grand larceny, and, on conviction thereof, shall 
suffer death, or be imprisoned at hard labor for not less than 
ten years. 

Sec. 6. If any person shall entice, decoy, or carry away out 
of any State or other Territory of the United States, any slave 
belonging to another, with intent to procure or effect the freedom 
of such slave, or to deprive the owner thereof of the services 
of such slave, and shall bring such slave into this Territory, he 
shall be adjudged guilty of grand larceny, in the same manner 
as if such slave had been enticed, decoyed, or carried away out 
of the Territory, and in such case the larceny may be charged 
to have been committed in any county of this Territory, into or 
through which such slave shall have been brought by such per- 
son, and, on conviction thereof, the person offending shall suffer 
death, or be imprisoned at hard labor for not less than ten years. 

Sec. 7. If any person shall entice, persuade, or induce any 
slave to escape from the service of his master or owner in this 
Territory, or shall aid or assist any slave escaping from the 
service of his master or owner, or shall assist, harbor, or con- 
ceal any slave who may have escaped from the service of his 
master or owner, he shaU be deemed guilty of felony, and pun- 
ished by imprisonment at hard labor for not less than five 
years. 

Sec. 8. If any person in this Territory shaU aid or assist, 
harbor, or conceal any slave who has escaped from the service 



.A STATISTICAL VIEW. 149 

of his master or owner in another State or Territory, such per- 
son shall be punished in like manner as if such slave had es- 
caped from the service of his master' or owner in this Terri- 
tory. 

Sec. 9. If any person shall resist any officer while attempt- 
ing to arrest any slave that may have escaped from the service 
of his master or owner, or shall rescue such slaves when in 
custody of any officer or other person, or shall entice, persuade, 
aid, or assist such slave to escape from the custody of any offi- 
cer, or other person who may have such slave in custody, 
whether such slave has escaped from the service of his master 
or owner in this Territory or in any other State or Territory, 
the person so offending shall be guilty of felony, and punished 
by imprisonment at hard labor for a term not less than two 
years. 

Sec. 10. If any Marshal, Sheriff, or Constable, or the Dep- 
uty of any such officer, shall, when required by any person, 
refuse to aid or assist in the arrest and capture of any slave 
that may have escaped from the service of his master or owner, 
whether such slave shall have escaped from his master or 
owner in this Territory or any other State or Territory, such 
officer shall be ffiied in a sum of not less than one hundred nor 
more than five hundred doUars. 

Sec. 11. If any person print, write, introduce into, publish, 
or circulate, or cause to be brought into, printed, written, pub- 
lished, or circulated, or shall knowingly aid or assist in bring- 
ing into, printing, publishing, or circulating within this Terri- 
tory, any book, paper, pamphlet, magazine, handbill, or circular, 
containing any statements, arguments, opinions, sentiment, doc- 
trine, advice, or inuendo, calculated to produce a disorderly, 
dangerous or rebellious disaffection among the slaves in this 
Territory, or to induce such slaves to escape from the service 
of their masters, or resist their authority, he shall be guilty of 
felony, and be punished by imprisonment at hard labor for a 
term not less than five years. 

13=^ 



150 THE NORTH -AND-THE SOUTH. 

Sec. 12. If any free person, by speaking or writing, assert 
or maintain that persons have not the right to hold slaves in 
this Territory, or shaU introduce into this Territory, print, pub- 
lish, write, circulate, or cause to be written, printed, published, 
or circulated in this Territory, any book, paper, magazine, 
pamphlet, or circular containing any denial of the right of such 
persons to hold slaves in this Territory, such person ' shall be 
deemed guilty of felony, and punished by imprisonment at 
hard labor for a term not less than two years. 

Sec. 13. No person who is conscientiously opposed to hold- 
ing slaves, or who does not admit the right to hold slaves in 
this Territory, shall sit as a juror on the trial of any prosecu- 
tion for the violation of any of the sections of this act. 

This act to take effect and be in force from and after the 
15th day of September, A. D. 1855. 

Chapter 152, page 718. 

An Act giving meaning to the word "State" 

Sec. 1. Wherever the word " State " occurs in any act of 
the present Legislative Assembly, or any law of the Territory, 
in such construction as to indicate the locality of the operation 
of such act or laws, the same shall in every instance be taken 
and understood to mean " Territory," and shall apply to the 
T^rrifnrv of TCansaa. 



APPENDIX. 



(151 



[We give in this Appendix the original Tables of the Census 
Compendium, with some other Tables referred to in the text.] 



(152) 



ArrENDix. 



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APPENDIX. 



155 



Aggregate number of the White Population of the United States. — The number 
of white persons in the United States, on the 1st of June, 1850, was ascertained to be 
19,553,068, of whom 17,312,533 were native and 2,240,535 foreign born. By reference 
to the following table, the aggregate number, at every census, in the States and Terri- 
tories, will be seen : 

TABLE n. 

White Population of the United States. 



States. 


1790. 


1800. 


1810. 1820. 1830. 


1840. 


185C. 


Alabama 








85,451 

12,579 


190,406 
25,671 


335,185 
77,174 


426,514 


Arkansas 








162,189 
91,635 
37,941 


California 








Columbia, Dist. 




10,066 
244,721 

49,852 


16,079 

255,279 

55,361 


22,614 

267,161 

55,282 


27,563 
289,603 
57.601 
18:385 
296,806 
155,061 
339,399 


30,657 

301,856 

58,561 

27,943 

407,695 

472,254 

678,698 

42,924 

590,253 

158,457 

500,438 

318,204 

729,030 

211.560 

179,074 

323,888 

284.036 

351,588 

2,378,890 

484,870 

1,502,122 

1,676,115 

105,587 

259,084 

640,627 


Connecticut . . . 

Delaware 

Florida 


232,581 
46,310 


363,099 
71,169 
47,203 


Georgia 

Illinois 


52,886 


101,678 


145,414 
11,501 

23,890 


189,566 

53,788 

145,758 


521,572 
846,034 
977 154 


Indiana . . • . 




4,577 


Iowa 




191,881 
761,413 
255,491 
581,813 
417,943 
985,450 
395,071 
295.718 


Kentucky 


61,133 


179,871 


324.237 

34,311 

227,736 

235,117 

465.303 

4,618 

23,024 

17,227 

213,390 

226,861 

918,699 

376,410 

228,861 

786:804 

73,314 

214,196 

215,875 


434.644 

73,383 

297,340 

260,223 

516,419 

8,591 

42,176 

55,988 

243,236 

257,409 

1,332,744 

419.200 

576,572 

1,017.094 

79,413 

237.440 

339,927 


517.787 

89,441 

398,263 

291,108 

603,359 

31,346 

70,443 

114,795 

268,721 

300,266 

1,873,663 

472,843 

928,329 

1,309,900 

93,621 

257.863 

535,746 


Maine 


96,002 
208,649 
373,254 


150,901 
216,326 
416,793 


Maryland 

Massachusetts 
IMichican . . 






6,179 


Missou'^i 




592 004 


New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. 
Ohio 


141,111 

169,954 
314,142 

288,204 


182,898 
195,125 
556,039 
337,764 

45,028 
586,094 

65,437 
196,255 

91,709 


317.456 

465,509 

3,048,325 

553,028 

1,955,050 

2,258,160 

143,875 

274.563 

756.836 

154;034 

313,402 

894,800 

304,756 


Pennsylvania . . 
Rhode Island. . 
South Carolina, 

Tennessee 

Texas 


424,099 
64,689 

140,178 
32,013 


Vermont 

Virginia 

Wisconsin 


85,144 
442,115 


153,908 
514,280 


216,963 
551,534 


234.846 
603,087 


279,771 
694,300 


291,218 

740,858 
30,749 


Teeritories. 
Mnnesota. . . . . 












6.038 


New Mexico . . . 














61 525 


Oregon 














13,087 


Utah 














11,330 












t 5.318 


t 6,100 




4.304,501 
* less 12 


7.861,931 
* add 6 




Total 3,172,464 4,304,489 5,862,004 


7,861,937 


1 
10,537,878 114,195,695 19,553,068 



* Added or deducted to make the aggregates, pubUshed incorrectly in those years. 
t Persons on board vessels of war in the United States naval service. 



156 



APPENDIX. 



TABLE III. 

Free Colored Population of the United States. 



States. 


1790. 


1800. 1810. 


1820. 


1830. 


1840. 


1850. 


Alabama 








571 
69 


1,572 
141 


2,089 

. 465 


2,265 
608 


Arkansas 
















962 


Columbia, Dist. of 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 


"2,801' 
3,899 


783 
5,330 

8,268 




2,549 

6,453 

13,136 


4.048 

7,844 

12,958 


6.152 
8,047 
15,855 
844 
2,486 
1,637 
8,629 


8,361 

8,105 

16,919 

817 

2,753 

3,598 

7,165 

172 

7,317 

25,502 

1,355 

62,078 

8,669 

707 

1,366 

1,574 

537 

21,044 

50,027 

22,732 

17,342 

47,854 

3,238 

8,276 

5,524 


10,059 

7,693 

18,073 

932 


Georgia 

Illinois 


398 


1,019 


1,801 
613 
393 


1,763 

457 
1,230 


2,931 
5,486 






168 


11,262 
333 


Iowa 




Kentucky 

Louisiana 


114 


741 


1.713 

7^585 

969 

33.927 

6,737 

120 

240 

607 

970 

7.848 

25,338 

10.266 

1,899 

22,492 

8,609 

4,554 

1,317 


2.759 

10,476 

929 

89,780 

6,740 

174 

458 

347 

786 

12,460 

29,279 

14,612 

4,723 

30,202 

3,554 

6,826 

2,727 


4,917 

16.710 

1.190 

52.938 

7.048 

261 

619 

569 

604 

18,303 

44,870 

19,543 

9,568 

37,930 

3,661 

7,921 

4,555 


10,011 
17,462 




538 
8,043 
5,463 


818 

19,587 

6,452 


1,356 


Maryland 

Massachusetts . . . 


74,723 
9,064 

2,583 
930 


Mississippi 




182 


Missouri . 




2,618 


New Hampshire . . 

New Jersey 

New York 

North CaroUna... 
Ohio 


680 
2,762 
4,654 
4,975 


856 

4,402 

10,374 

7,048 

337 

14,561 

3,304 

3,185 

309 


520 

23,810 

49,069 

27,463 

26,279 

53,626 

3,670 

8,960 

6,422 

397 


Pennsylvania 

Pvhode Island 

South Carolina... 
Tennessee 


6,537 

3,469 

1,801 

861 


Vermont 

Virsrinia . 


255 
12,766 


557 
20,124 


750 
30,570 


903 
86,889 


881 
47,348 


730 
49,852 

185 


718 

54,833 

635 


Wisconsin 


TERRirORTF.S. 






. 






39 


New Mexico , . . 














22 
















207 


Utah 














24 










283,504 
add 20 








Aggregate 


59,466 


108,395 


186,446 


233,524 


319,699 


SB6,303 434,495 



APPENDIX. 



157 



Aggregate Number. — The number of slaves in the United States in 
1850, was 3,204,313. The number in each of the States at this and every 
previous census will be found in the following table 

TABLE IV. 

Slave Population of the United States. 



States. 


1790. 


1800. 


1810. 


1820. 


1830. 


1840. 


1850. 


Alabama 








41,879 
1,617 


117,549 
4,576 


253,532 
19,935 


342,844 
47,100 










California 








Columbia, Dist. 
Connecticut . . . 

Delaware 

Florida 


2,759 
8,887 


3,244 

951 

6,153 


5,395 

310 

4,177 


6,377 

97 

4,509 


6,119 

25 

3,292 

15,501 

217,531 

747 

3 


4,694 

17 

2,605 

25,717 

280,944 

331 

3 

16 

182,258 

168,452 


3,687 

■ " * 2,296 

39,310 

381,682 


Georgia 

Illinois 


29,264 


59,404 


105,218 
168 
237 


149,654 
917 
190 






135 










Kentucky 


11,830 


40,343 


80,561 
34,660 


126,732 
69,064 


165,213 

109,588 

2 

102,994 

32 

65,659 

25,091 

3 

2,254 

245,601 

6 

403 

17 

315,401 

141,603 


210,981 
244,809 


Maine 








Maryland 


103,036 


105,635 


111,502 


107,397 


89,737 


90,368 


Michigan . . . . 






24 

17,088 
3,011 




' 








3,489 


32,814 
10,222 


195,211 

68,240 

674 

245,817 

3 

64 

327,038 
183,059 


309,878 
87,422 


Missouri 




New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina 
Ohio 


158 

11.423 

2i;324 

100,572 


8 

12,422 

20,343 

133,296 


10,851 
15,017 

168.824 


7,557 

10,088 

205,017 


236 
■* 288,548 


Pennsylvania . . 
Rhode Island.. 
South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 


3,737 

952 

107,094 

3,417 


1,706 

381 

146,151 

13,584 


795 

108 

196,365 

44,535 


211 

48 

258,475 

80,107 




384,984 
239,459 
• 58,161 




17 

293,427 












Virginia 

Wisconsin 


345,796 


392,518 


425,153 


469,757 


'■449,087 


472,528 


Teeeitoeies. 














New Mexico . 
















Oregon 1 














Utah 














26 




















1,538,125 

less 87 




Aggregate 


697,897 


893,041 1,191,364 1,538,038 2,009,043 


2,487,455 


3,204,313 



14 



158 



APPENDIX. 



TABLE v. 



Increase and Decrease per cent of the Slave Population of the several 

at each Census. 



■i ....... 

States and Territories. 


1800. 


1810. 


1820. 


1830. 


1840. 


1850. 








.^ 


* 180.68 

* 182.99 
t4.04 

1 74.22 
1 26.99 


* 115.68 

*335.64 

1 23.28 

1 32.00 

1 20.86 

* 65.90 

* 29.15 
1 55.68 


* 35.22 


Arkansas ...,,,,,,,,,,, 








* 136.26 


Columbia, District of . . . 
Connecticut 


"t65".53* 
1 30.76 


* 66.30 
1 67.40 
1 32.11 


* 18.20 
1 68.70 

*7.94 


1 21.45 


Delaware 


1 12.09 


Florida 


*52.85 


Georgia 


* 102.99 


* 77.12- 


* 42.23 

* 445.83 
1 19.83 

* 57.31 

* 99.26 
t3.68 

* 92.02 

* 239.48 


* 45.35 
1 18.53 

1 98.42 

* 30.36 

* 58.67 
t4.09 

* 100.09 

* 145.46 


* 35.85 


Illinois 








* 75.55 
*99.69 




Kentucky 


* 241.02 


* 10.31 

* 53.71 

+ 12.87 

*= 197.31 

* 132.11 

1 66.66 

1 70.09 

1 94.66 

*.08 

1 50.00 

1 84.11 

1 70.58 

*3.68 

* 29.27 
t4.40 


* 15.75 


Louisiana 


* 45.32 


Maryland 


*2.52 


*5.55 
*389.76 


*.70 


Mississippi 


*58.74 


Missouri 




* 50.10 


New Hampshire 


1 94.93 

*8.74 

t4.60 

* 82.53 






1 12.64 
1 26.18 
* 26.65 


1 30.35 
1 32.82 
* 21.43 


1 70.17 
1 99.25 
* 19.79 


1 64.98 


New York 




North Carolina 


* 17.38 


Ohio 




Pennsylvania 


1 54.34 
1 59.97 

* 36.46 
*297.54 

* 17.84 


1 53.39 
1 71.65 
*34.35 
* 227.84 
* 13.51 


1 73.45 
1 55.55 

* 31.62 

* 79.87 
*8.31 


* 90.99 
1 64.58 

* 22.02 

* 76.76 

* 10.49 




Rhode Island 




South Carolina 


* 17.71 


Tennessee 


* 30.80 


Virginia 


*5.21 








* Increase 




tDec 


rease. 







APrENDIX. 



159 



TABLE YI. 

Ratio of the Slave and total Colored Population to the total Popidation of 

each State. 



% 

1 


o 






• Or*; 




00 O O t- O CO O Tj< CO O Cfl CO rH CO CO »0 rH CO O <X> rH t- 05 ■* t- 


:iM(M<X> 






: :i 


gJ5 


00 t- O O iC o o 


t-uOCOaC.rHO-*C>l(M-*COC50COOCD-* 

^§ 'S^ '^^S '^^^'T^^^^gS^ 


•COO 










^?4 


10C50 




C5^COT-iCO'*r-(C5CO<MC5COCOOCOt-0 


•coco 

1 'co 
















OlDCO 


CO coo 
^dci 


cir-;^c<J^qciCOT-;trc<iNocoqaoTiHO 
do ' oc r-5 CO c^i t-l * t-l ■* ci ' c<i -^ oc i-l^ 

C^lOCO ^r-l CO ^r-l 






















d 


o 

00 






■* C5(M CO t- 1- CO IM 1-1 


COO 

: "^ 










g 

T-l 










coo 


o 

g 






CO 

d 


Ot^Tjt 






ot~<rco 


co-#t~o 

cqddd 


coo 










1 
W. 

1 


1-1 

i 

i-l 

i 

i-i 












■*C1 

1-< t-l 

C<I^ 


o 




qso 

Ot-I 






S3 






occco 
t-l CO t-l 
OCq<M 


cq 


ff 






CQ 


C5rH 


d 

r-l 


cocq--::; 
CO t-l d 






coco 
CO t-l 


q 

d 




-^ d 
Or-I 


-1 


O 






oo 




i 












CO 






ooo 

^3. 


o 


'cct-l 


t-- 


C<1 










t^ 










t-co 


s 


d 


ocoi-; 

COr-i 


c<id 


c:) 




rJiCO 

cod 








3^ 


• 


8 


















^C^O 


CC(N 

dd 


CO 


OCOtJI 


•*oco 




rMCOq 

"t-l t-l 




05 

d 
















ocoo 


eS 


l>7 

ci 






o 

8 




-* 
8 




aoTt<co 


(MO(M00 




« 

§ 


















r-t 


-* 

^ 






d 




C-1 








r-fMCO O 


occooo 
*r-ic6d 




C<J 

8 










1 








c 

1 

£ 












.2 


1 










1 

3= 


. 


•■: 




1 


- > 




c 

1 






-r 


e: 












1 

z 
S 


1 
1 


S 


3-C 


II 


California 
Columbia 
Conueotic 
Delaware 


■^ 3 

111 


lilllll 


1-5 


mil 


III 
ill 




i 


1 





160 



APPENDIX. 



G 



Agi^egate 
holders of 



1000 and 
over. 



1 500 and un- 
I derlOOO. 



300 and un- 
der 500. 



g5CJ!-;^0(Mioooir"*'-!ooocDcpTtH(£) 



IMOS-^OO" 



ie0C0OrHT-IC0iC00t~O 



200 and un- 
der 300. 



100 and un- 
der 200. 



50 and un- 
der 100. 



20 and un- 
der 50. 



10 and un- 
der 20. 



5 and un- 
der 10. 



1 and un- 
der 5. 



Holders of 
1 slave. 



0:1 rH 



CD . 00 rH (M 05 C<I rH C» 



(M -^ l~ CO • t^ go T-i c 
l-H O? rH • CO T 



-<#Tt<C000(MO05>OOC0NCD 
O CO iC C.-^ l^ r--. rH a.-) 0:1 1- 00 -^ 



05COCOrf<i0^iOOOO(MTt<0 

-^lOOJi-iocD^c-JOor^oo 

CO O rH^t^CO oi^eo OO^C^_^CM^CO 00_ 
10 rH^rn'" irf (N^COof -*" 



CDiOtMrH-^rHiO-^-^rHOS 



CCJlOCDt^OirHOlt^t-COOOSrH-cttu:)© 
1-. CO CO rH lO O I- CM C<S -^ 1- CJ i-H rH 00 CO 
>0 CO rH r-^ \.— I- lO^CO CO^r-J^CO r-j CO CO^iC 0_ 
CO r-5 t-^cr-<*~C0^if5 Til'oO CO ccTr-Tco" 



t-rH05(MrHCDTt1<MrHC0C000-*C^OO 

CO 10 CO O 05 rH 00 I- CO 01 1- CO CO r 

t-; 05^»0 CO 05 l.--^C<J,O^C0 C<1 oq^CO rHJ 

l~ r-T rH^ed Co'lO CD'cD"orcO O^IN »q' 



■«*COOOC'5-+l-*»^vOOC<|-<*C^COtO»0 
O CjQ O C i O) 10 -r]H crj CJ -^ CO O Ci rH CO CO 
M CO L- CO O li^^tM l-^OO^CO L--^C^4 -^CO^Oi^CO 
xOtA" ^oi ■r!^ rt^CO lO r-i CO^L-^rH~r-^ 



<^, < O p ^i, o W 



o j^ -^ :^ .^ 

^^ f'\ r-, r^. /-, 






C 53 






iS 



ArrENDix. 



161 



C J- rt >p. 



rt > o =^ 

a,-g 03 
X^.§ OX! 

1 «- ^ 
;3 ® CD C 



H-t^ 



M i § 



"^ rA ^ U 

^ s g ^ 

o 



S ^ris 






P^ 


■^s 


"^^^ s 




s 


2^2? 


g 


« 




s 

^ 


r^i. 




1 





Average Value of 

Farms, Implements, 

and Machinery, 



Average Value of 

Farming Implements 

and Machinery. 



Average Value of 

Farms. 



Value of Farming 

Implements and 

Machinery. 



I Cash Value of 
Farms. 



pal S^"*^ 

r ^ o o ri 
14* 



Average Nxunber of 
Acres to each Farm. 



Acres of Unimprored 
Land. 



Acres of Improved 
Land. 



Farms, Plantations, 
&c. 



CD^OS iC CO CO^r-H cq^OS CO^iO M rH iC C^r-H^C<I^CD^ 
i-T rj^~OCO~COrH"r4r-ri-rr-^~cfo~i-rTj5~CO'r-r 



COOCOr-lOTj<050i-HCO»OCOOCCOOCIMrH 



CO<£iCOOrHOi»OOrH-<^C5t~COt^CO-*r-l 
CDOiCOlM'^t^OOCO-^COCOCOiO-^OOt— 

C<IOO-^C:'i-H»00500t-COl--OOCOOOS 
J— I CD T-l 00,»O CD 00 -^l-^ rH^r-J^iO iM ■<* <N CO 

^i-T T-i' lo cocop-Tioi-rcCcqcQCvT 



(M ^ rH CD <M CO O 
(N iM O '^i TjH O i-t 






»iO-*OCDOCOCOCOiOt-i— l-*rHCOCDN 
ICDl^COC<IOO(MiOCOCOkOC<li-HCDt^t:^t^ 
)r<l0OL—t~0OCOt~i— ICOCDOOOOOi— lOCO 



l>-'*r-lt~rH(MOOt-Oi(MOOOOt-»OCDO 
CDaOCOOOOOO-<*OCDl-OOt^rHO-<+lt-00 
OCD»0r-(t-(M(Masc0CCC0-*Ot^"^l01^ 



(MCOi— lT-liO»OCD(Mt^CD 

OthcDtHi— it^'^-^os ■■ 

t^OOOO CDC0(M ■■ - 



j-H Oi lO CO (N ■* 

CO <3i i-< CO iM up 

■<*O5t~OiO5C0iO00<M^ 



I-ICDCDt-iHOCONl-ll-HCsl 



•>*OTj<t»CO(M0505iOCO(MOlOeOkOCDO 
r- ICOiCCDt^CO-^t— T^rfioOt^lMOSOCOi— I 
CDiO-^NrHOOO-^iOlOCDlMOiOO-^i-l 






rH(MCD00O05000iCD-*00O05t~ 
GOCOr-ICDpO-#t^CO-:*C3 



t- lO 00 CO^O^O^OO Oi^lO O t^r-J^OJ^ 



g^^ 



lO L- 05 r-l t- r-i -^(N CO ( 




162 



APPENDIX. 



Average Value of 

Farms, ImplemeBts, 

and Machinery. 



Average Value of 

Farming Implements 

and Slachiuery. 



Average Value of 
Farms. 



Value of Farming 

Implements and 

Machinery. 



Cash Value of 
Farms. 



Average Number of 
Acres to each Farm. 



Acres of Unimproved 
Land. 



Acres of Improved 
Land. 



Farms, Plantations, 
&c. 



oococjDt-ii^coooi— icrcoi— icocooocoooiM 

r^~r-ri-4~iO CO ^4"l^f CO Co'CvTr-TrH cf C^r-5 r-T cf 



C<lT-IOOO(M>Or-Or-(»CI>-050rJHrHr-(OOt^ 
rHCDC5COOCiC5C5l^O-<*<»OC<lr-<.— iCO-*-<*0O 
«Oi— lOOOCdi— I'^JIrHi— It-COCOi— IOO-*o-<3<'*CO 



t- iC lO CO CD <M 1 _ _ __ 

C3<MC^OCqC000-*O»CT-IOC0l^i:C>00i-J3(M00 

c^tq^i-j^ic cs^io^iq^io c^co^c^i-^cm t-^ic^oj o •^ c^ 

CC>OOrHC<JOOCOOCqC»COCD»CiOC<l-*r-(t— 0000 



•^coi 
co^c 

CD_«OC 
CO(M- 
^^CO^i 



l«£>CO( 



ICO"* 
t-iiO 



t-^00 

CO JO 
CO 



coo 

ooo 

Oi-I 



l-*iMOOt-COCOOO<MOOJ 
>00r-<OC^^C0'*(Mt^05 
i^CO^Cl_O^C<)_iOiOa5^0^r-J^l--_ 

COiOiOCOOClCDiO'*!— t 
•^ 00_O CO^■^)^_lC tH CO 00 CO 

c<j"t-^coco~coo6" 1-4 cf 

00 C5 rH CO r-H (M 



05c3icolCcoc5vCl>•coT-^T-l(^^(3^ooo'*lt^(^JI-l 

Ot-1— (rHr-lcrC<lr-IO'^CO'*CO'^rt<aJl.^t— O 
CO tH r-l j-l r-l CO 7-1 fH rH O C<) 05 r-H CO iH rt CO 




CO iC 00 1— I '^ O CO 05 t- 

»OC^00CiCOl-C5i— lor, ._ _ _ ._ _. 

CO^-^^TjH^O^Oi^O^-^^CO^Tj^^iO i-H^Crs^-* rH^-* o^cq_oo^< 

•TirQo"r-rt--rcio co^T-Tco^co c4~»o CO T-H o ic^us ccTcf co' 

■«*C0>0C0Oi0»0(Min)I:^L--rt(OCD-* COOOrH 
■^a> (M^t-^TiH^-«#^00^CO CO o^i-t,*© co,co_o^ iH r-l 



OOOOliOrHCOI^-t-lOlt— >n00C0C0t~I>-O-<*CD 
COiOClOCJCDOl^OOCOCOOiCOrHt-iOiOCOC^ 
C5 T}1 OQ OT ^Oi OO »0 CO 0^t-^rH^t^CO^i-H_r-( t-^i-^^OS 

co^Tj^cTofcTco Dfr-^usc^'c^Tcf oTt-^o" ofr-T 

CO lO IM (M 1-- lO rH (M C^ t- 1-4 (M t- (M 






" a S 



S;5 



CI 
OP 



; Ej ^ fe t^ .2 p 



±i a rt a • 

:3 d M C 



t^fc= 



8 



APPENDIX. 



163 



5 § a 






02 O 

o o 



I g 

be « 

O -^ 



J 1? ^ ^ 3 



,c o 
oS 

-2 o 



173 T-( 

S ti-i 
c3 C 



13 S3 



^1 

■So 



■3 I 



:3 5 



^ o 
>> o 

1.2 



rt o 

ii 






o <j 

8 H 






s -^ 



I rj CO 
I o «2 

Hi 

< 53 CO 



f»» o 

•^ CO 



^ o 






ej ro ,a 2 






f^ 



'^ O • O O ■'S^'Si O t- OC 10 rjl 

0-* . OCO COCTtl^r-tO 
T-( . -*< (MCCO O 



OO'i'Oi-'COr-JOCOCOCrH 

coot^icaroi-HCOTticiooi 
CO IM lO^i— I i-i^iC CO '^O ■<a^C5_o^ 

^"^'"r-T -jrt-^co"cr-«'c<rcrc<r 

CO T— 1 lOCOrHi— irH 



Neat Cattle. § 



I i 



f-^ 



Total Neat 
Cattle. 



Other Cattle. 



Working 
Oxen. 



Milch Cows. 



Horses and 
Mules. 



Horses, Asses, 
and Mules. 



Asses and 
Mules. 



coo 
i-fco 



TtiQco-H-t<-*oC5qp 
cooo"co'ar-^cr"crco~t-r 

COiOr-lOOC^lr-iCOCO 



i00010»i5T-HOCCOOrH<M 
r-lr-IL';^t-r-(COC^COO<Ml-l 

oc"cf(ri"r4'cq"co'r-ri>^c<rT!r<o~c<r 

(MClO i-H »o O 05 1— i 1— I CO lO 



COOC5COOOii5C5C5r-liOCO 
0(MCi<rJ(MOi-Hi— !00(M0 



rlOOCO 



T-HCSO^OCt^'^OCDr-tlMTH 
OCOCCOCCCJCiCCOOJClt- 
CiCsIt-r-lOL^t-Clr-ICQCOCvI 



i-(i-IOCO!-iODOCOr-l'*-+lO 
OiOOOi-HO-^t^lMt^OOt— 



COrnr-IOCi'rt<r-IOi 
i-li-IC<J CO 



OO»0t-HCC'C0OOO0COi-I 
O O QC CO C^l -+ O r^ CNl O Ci C5 

oot-coccc:c;aci^r<iccc<jiM 



OOOl-Cr. '-^C3OC0CiTj<C5 

c: ic — O 'a-, c; 01^ t^ c; o O) 

CO IC O t- O CO o o t- o 



Horse?. 



»-j t^ c; '^ c; M 00 • 

O ^ t- CO OC OC CO : 



Iff CiO(M 
• Lt c: CO CO 
■ ~ -M O O 



cooi-^ «rcocrt-'i~--^coirD 

IM <:C (M (M i-H 1-1 uO -^ ^ 00 rH 
i-i r-< SOCO CO 






y, ^ i? .2 .5 „ 

5x0 s 



illllglll 



164 



APPENDIX. 



Neat Cattle. 



•a 

6 



Total Neat 
Cattle. 



Other Cattle. 



Working 
Oxen. 



aiilch Cows. 



and o 
Mules. 22 



Horses, Asses, 
and Mules. 



Asses and 
Mules. 



Horses. 



cooit~oDa500QOt^a:oocoooi^< 



, CD 03 
.0<M 



COt~(Mr-(>ir>C5rHOOOr-(Ci05t-CDi-lr-IOlM-*OOrH(M(M 
COl— OiOCOIMi— IOCC'*'*iOq»00005CCC<JOOiCOt-000 

or-^"t'^o6~cc"•^~c^Tt^oco~lo~cf(^fTj^lOr^c^Tj^c^TJ^ t-Tii^oj' 

T-n0t-C0-*OOCCCDi00i-*(MrH00rHOr-lr- KM t^r-l 
rH'*!— Ii— II— CCL— CCr-l-*iOOiOO CqoOrHOCOr-H CO 



CO 



COt 



COOTt<-<#<Ot-lOCl(M'<*<TH-^ijSrHCOrH -rHOOO 

-* lO -H t- O Oi t~ (Xi O •* !>. t- <X> OS O »0 ..5j(T^CO 

T-H~l>^OC<riOCOCc"iOOr-ri>rt-r'(^CO"c<rcC I-*~-*~o" 

g053C<lOOOOC<lCOt-C<li-lrHrHt-COt-(M .OOiMCO 

CO CO (M CM rH CO ■<*« (M 05 «C>(M 1-1 »OCO .COO 



lOCOC30-<*COT-ir~rHt-COOOCOCDt-OOOOOCOC<|(Mt-tlM 
l--"*!— liCt— COascOT-Hl^OSiOiOCOt-iOCOrMI— OO CO-"*!-* 
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170 



APPENDIX. 



'S2 






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ATPENDIX. 



171 



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172 



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173 



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174 



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APPENDIX. 



175 






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176 



APPENDIX. 






B 5 



Individuals 

and es- 
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178 



APPENDIX. 



TABLE XDL 

Heal and Personal Estate — 1850. 



States & Teeritobizs. 


Real Estate. 


Personal 

Estate. 


Total. 


Trne 
Valuation. 




$78,870,718 

17,372,524 

16,347,442 

14,409,413 

96,412,947 

14,486,595 

7,924;588 

121,619,739 

81,524,835 

112,947,740 

15,672,332 

177,013,407 

176,623,654 

64,836,119 

139,026,610 

849,129,932 

25,580,371 

65,171,438 

66;802,223 

67,839,108 

153,151,619 

564,649,649 

71,702,740 

337,521,075 

427,865,660 

54,358,231 

105,737,492 

107,981,793 

28,149,671 

57;320,369 

• 252,105,824 

22,458,442 

97,363 

2.679,486 

3,997,332 

337,866 


$162,463,705 

19,056,151 

5,575,731 

. 1,774,342 

22,675,725 

1,410,275 

15,274,146 

213,490,486 

33,257,810 

39,922,659 

6,018,310 

114,374,147 

49,832,464 

82,463,434 

69,536,956 

201,976,892 

5,296,852 

143,250,729 

3i;793,240 

27,412,488 

Not returned. 

150,719,379 

140,368,673 

96,351,557 

72,410;i91 

23,400,743 

178,130.217 

87.299;565 

25:414,000 

15;660,114 

130,198,429 

4,257,083 

164,725 

2,494,985 

1,066.142 

648,217 


$241,331,423 

36,428,675 

21,923,173 

16,183,755 

119,088,672 

15,896,870 

23,198,734 

335,110,225 

114,782,645 

152,870,399 

2i;690,642 

291,387,554 

226,456,118 

96,799,553 

208.563,566 

551,106,824 

30,877,223 

208,422,167 

98,595,463 

95,251,596 

153,151,619 

715,369,028 

212,071,413 

433,872,632 

500,275,851 

77,758,974 

283,867,709 

195,281,358 

53,563,671 

72,980,483 

382,304,253 

26,715,525 

262,088 

5,174,471 

5,063,474 

986,083 


$228,204,332 

39.841,025 

22,161,872 

16.723,619 

155,707,980 

18,855,863 

23,198,734 

335,425,714 

156,265,006 

202,650,264 

23,714,638 

301,628,456 

233,998,764 

122,777:571 




California 


Colvimbia, District of y 


Delaware '..... 


Florida 


Georgia 


Illinois 


Indiana • . . 


Iowa 




I/Ouisiana ,.»,., 




Blaryland 


219,217:364 

573,342,28s 




Michigan 


59,787,255 




228,951,130 
137,247,707 
103,652,835 
153,151:619 

1,080,309,216 
226,800,472 
504.726,120 


Missouri 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey ^ 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 


Pennsylvania . . . . 


729:144,998 
80:508,794 


Rhode Island 


South CaroUna 


288:257,694 
207:454,704 


Texas 


65.362,340 




92,205,049 


Virginia 


891,646.438 




42,056,595 

262,088 

5,274,867 

5,063,474 

986,083 


C Minnesota 

Terri- J New Mexico. . . 

tories 1 Oregon. ., 

XJtaJti 






Total 


$3,899,226,347 


$2,125,440,562 


$6,024,666,909 


$7,066,502,966 







APPENDIX. 



179 



TABLE XIV. 

Annual Taxes. 



States. 



Annual Taxes. 



State. 



County. School. Road. 



Alabama , 

Connecticut. ... 

Florida. 

Georgia 

Indiana. .,..*... 

Main^ 

Mississippi 

New Hampshire . 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. . 
Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode Island . • • 
South Carolina. . 

Texas 

Vermont , 

Virginia 

Wisconsin .\ . . . . 
Total.; 



$428,690 

67,947 

58,616 

292,707 

552,463 

381,911 

779,163 

77,313 



114,086 
1,536,662 

16,951 
373,421 

74,936 
138,533 
268,649 

93,982 



$202,960 

1,101 

23,690 

156,061 

449,616 

141,705 

436,993 

84,854 

190,685 



144,189 
1,689,212 



35,055 

8,578 

229,285 

151,835 



$7,519 
48,669 
105 
15,728 
96,736 

234,842 
31,106 

144,178 
62,706 



42,340 

840,066 

56,937 



88,930 
4§,697 
75,980 



$3,000 
80,117 



171,554 
563,887 
4,698 
250,913 
119,614 



816,867 
29,077 
20,817 



247,801 
20,309 
72,103 

< . . 



180 



APPENDIX. 



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APPENDIX. 



181 



PRODUCTIONS OF AGEICULTUEE,*1852. 

[From- Andrews' Report on Lake Commerce. This Table is referred to in the text.] 

The subjoined Table is designed to exhibit a general view of the Agricuiture of the 
United States. The aggregate quantity and value of crops are first presented, and next 
the several items which are supposed to constitute the fixed capital of the Agricultural 
interest. It has been thought proper to assign one-fourth of the value of hve stock to 
the column of annual production, as that is probably the rate of yearly increase. The 
remainder, together with the value of farms and farming implements and machinery, 
. should obviously be reckoned as capital . In ascertaining the average price of crops , those 
of the New York Price Current for January, 1853, have been taken, and a deduction 
therefrom of fifteen per cent has been made, to cover expenses of transportation and 
commercial charges. Where special circumstances require a departure from this rule, 
they are noticed in the remarks appended to the Table. 

TABLE. XVI. 

Table showing the amount and value of the productions of Agriculture in the 
United States for the year 1852. 



Productions. 



Quantity. 



Price. 



Total value. 



Wheat, bushels 

Rye, bushels 

Indian Corn, bushels 

Oats, bushels 

Rice, pounds 

Tobacco, pounds 

Cotton, pounds 

Wool, pounds 

Peas and Beans, bushels 

Irish Potatoes, bushels 

Sweet Potatoes, bushels. 

Barley, bushels 

Buckwheat, bushels 

Orchard Produce 

Wine, gallons 

Value of Produce of Market Gardens. . . 

Butter, pounds 

Cheese, pounds 

Hay, tons 

Clover and other Grass Seeds, bushels. . 

Plax Seed, bushels 

Hops, pounds 

Hemp, tons 

Flax, pounds 

Maple Sugar, pounds 

Cane Sugar, pounds 

Molasses, gallons 

Beeswax and Honey, pounds 

Animals slaughtered 

Poultry 

Feathers 

MUk and Eggs 

Residuum, of crops not consmned by 

stock 

Annual increase of Live stock 



Total annual productions of Agricultur( 



143.000,000 

15;607,000 

652,000,000 

161,000,000 

236,843,000 

283,000,000 

1,290,000,000 

58,067,000 

10,141,000 

97,500.000 

42,085,000 

5,688,000 

9,900,000 



1,000,000 



344,592,000 

116,088,000 

15,222,000 

974,380 

8,487,500 

4,231,000 

39,000 

15,420,000 

39,675,000 

272,339,000 

13,970,000 

16,500,000 



SI 00 pr bush 
89 " 
60 " 
44 " 
034prlb. 
06 " 
10 " 
50 " 
80 pr bush 
75 " 
80 " 
60 " 
50 " 



50 per gall. 



20 per lb. 

06 " 
12 50 per ton. 
5 00 pr bush 
1 30 " 

17 per lb. 
136 00 per ton. 

06 per lb. 

05 " 

04 " 

25 per gall. 

20 per lb. 



$143,000,000 

13,880,230 

391,200,000 

70,840,000 

8,052,662 

16,980,000 

129,000,000 

29,033,500 

8,112,800 

73,125,000 

33,668.000 

3,409,800 

4,950,000 

10,000,000 

500,000 

50,000,000 

68,918,400 

6,964,280 

190,275,000 

4,871,900 

11,033,750 

719,270 

5,304,000 

925;200 

1,983,750 

10,893,000 

3,442,500 

8,750,000 

133,000,000 

20,000,000 

2,000,000 

25,000,000 

110,000,000 
167,750,000 



$1,752,583,042 



16 



182 



APPENDIX. 



VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, 1856. 

The following is the vote for President at the late Presidential Election, as given in 
the New York Tribune of December 19, 1856, which says the votes of the several States 
are nearly all »oflacial. The vote of California is taken from a later number of the 
Tribune. The scattering votes, and votes not returned in season to be oflScially 
counted, are not included. The estimate of the Tribune for South, Carolina is a large 
one. 

TABLE XVII. 



Free States. 



Buchanan. 



Fremont. Fillmore. 



Maine 

New Hampshire. 

Yermont 

Massachusetts . . 
Rhode Island.. . 
Connecticut. ... 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . . 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 

California.. % — 



Total. 



38,035 

32,567 

10,577 

39,240 

6,680 

34,995 

195,878 

46,943 

230,154 

170,874 

52,139 

118,672 

104,279 

52,867 

36,241 

51,925 



1,221,846 



65,514 
38,158 
39,561' 

108,190 
11,467 
42,715 

274,705 
28,351 

147,350 

187,497 
71,062 
94,816 
96,280 
66,092 
44,12? 
20,339 



1,336,914 



3,283 

414 

511 

19,626 

1,675 

2,615 

124,604 

24,115 

82,178 

28,125 

1,567 

23,386 

37,451 

579 

9,444 

35,113 



394,629 



Thus, the popular vote in the Free States 

Fremont 

Buchanan 

Fillmore 



1,336,914 

1,221,836 

394,629 



Total vote in Free States 2,953,379 



APPENDIX. 
TABLE XYU." Continued 




183 


Slave States. 


Buchanan. 


Fillmore. 


Fremont. 


Delaware ^. 


8,003 
39,115 

89,975 
48,246 
30,000 
56,617 
6,368 
46,817 
35,665 
22,169 
28,757 
21,908 
73,638 
72,917 
58,164 


6,175 

47,462 
60,039 
36,886 
20,000 
42,372 
4,843 
28,557 
24,490 
20,709 
15,244 
10,816 
66,178 
65,822 
48,524 


306 




281 


Virginia 


291 


North Carolina 




South Carolina *........ 




Georgia 








Alabama 




Mississippi » 

Louisiana. .f. . , , 










Arkansas 




Tennessee 




Kentucky > . , . 


86d 


Missouri ^ 








Total 


638,359 


498,117 


1,247 




* Estimated. 









Thus, the popular vote of the Slave States -was : 

Buchanan 638,359 

FiUmore. , 498,117 

Fremont .^ 1,247 

Total vote in Slave States ..,,.,.,. 1,137,723 



RECAPITULATION. 



Names, 


Free States. 


Slave States. 


Total. Electors. 


Fremont 


1,^6,914 

1,221,846 

394,629 


1,247 

638,359 
498,117 


1,338,161 

1,860,205 
892,746 


lf4 


Buchanan 


174 

a 


Fillmore 






Total 


2,953,389 


1,137,723 


4,091,112. 


•296 







184 APPENDIX. 



TABLE XVin. 

Statistics of Iowa in 185Q. 

The following extract from the Message of Gov. Grimes, to the Legislature of Iowa, 
g^yes the Statistics of that State according to a Census taken in June, 1856. The Goy- 
ernor's Message is dated Dec. 2, 1856 : 

An enumeration of the inhabitants of the State, and of her productiye resources, 
was taken in June last, as required by the Constitution. It is somewhat defective — 
two counties and several townships in other counties not having been returned at all, 
while in almost all the counties there are very great omissions. Many townships and 
some counties are returned without any statistics, save those in relation to population. 

The Census Returns show that the State has increased in population from June, 1854, 
to June, 1856, from 326,014 to 503,625. 

The following statement wiU show the increase of population since the settlement of 
what is now the State : 



1836 10,531 

1838 22,859 

1840 43.116 

1844 71,650 

1846 78,988 



1847 116,204 

1849 130,945 

1850. 192,204 

1854 326,014 

1856 503,625 



The population of the State is probably at this time not far from 600,000. The vote 
polled on the 4th day of November last reached 92,644, and indicates the truth of this 
supposition. 

The following Table shows the annual increase of the value of assessable property in 
the State, during the past sis years : 

1851 the assessable value was. .$28,464,550 1 1854 the assessable value was. .$72,327,204 

1852 " " " " 38,427,876 1855 " " " " 106,895,390 

1853 " " " ". 49,540,304 1 1856 " " « " 164,194,413 
As the Census Returns may not be published before your limited session wiU expire, 

I present a sununary of some of the most important facts disclosed by it : 

No. of Dwellings in the State in June last 83,455 

" FamUies in the State " " 89,161 

" White male persons " " 267,929 

" White female persons " " 235,425 

" Colored persons " " 271 

" Married persons " " 169,312 

" Widowed persons " " 10,997 

" Native voters " " 86,781 

" Naturalized voters " " 14,456 

" Aliens " " 15,104 

" Militia " " 92,262 

" Deaf and dumb " " 371 

" Blind " " 102 

" Insane " " 120 

" Idiotic " " 257 

" Ownersofland " " 66,716 

" Paupers " " 132 

" Acres of improved land " " 2,342,958 

" Acres of unimpr'd land " " 6,433,871 

" Acres of meadow land " " 140,242 

" Tons of Hay produced in 1855 223,233 

" Bushels (irass Seed harvested in 1855 20,789 

" Acres Spring Wheat in 1855 345,518 

" Bushels harvested in 1855 4,972,639 

" Acres of Winter Wheat in 1855 41,034 

" Bushels harvested in 1855 495,703 

" Acres of Oats in 1855 190,158 



APPENDIX. 185 



No- of Bushels harvested in 1855 6,054,341 

" Acres of Corn in 1855 732,803 

" Bushels harvested in 1855 30,985,127 

" Acres of Potatoes in 1855 180,041 

" Bushels harvested in 1855 2,013,408 

" Hogs sold in 1855 , . . . . 402,676 

Value of Hogs sold in 1855 $3,119,378 

No. of Cattle sold in 1855 125,000 

Value of Cattle sold in 1855 ■ ^2,904,563 

No. of pounds of Butter made in 1855 ^ 6,075,739 

" " Cheese " " ^ 729,852 

" " Wool produced in 1855 515,808 

Value of Domestic Manufactiires in 1855 $438,322 

" General Manufactures in 1855 $4,684,461 

" Lead produced in 1855 $213,000 



Note. — In Table X., page 31, there is an error in the column of value of Farm Im- 
plements and Machinery, in regard to the States of Kentucky and Louisiana; and, con- 
Bequently, in the footing of that column. The reader can readily correct the error by 
referring to the original Table in the Appendix. 



INDEX. 



AGSICULTURE. 

PAGB 

Number of farms and -plantations, acres of improved and unim- 
proved lands, cash value of farms, value per acre, and value of 
farming implements and machinery, in the Free and Slave 
States, with the whole tirea of each 30, 31 

Value per acre of land in the border Free States 32 

Value per acre of land in the border Slave States, also value per 

acre of land of the remaining Slave States 33 

Value of the agricultural productions of the Free and of the 

Slave States for the year 1840 34 

Amount of live stock (and its value in 1850) and agricultural 
productions of the Free and Slave States, with the value of the 
same (for 1850), according to De Bow and Andrews, for the 
years 1840 and 1850; and also the average crops, per acre, of 
certain products, according to De Bow. 36, 37 

Grand aggregate of the agricultural products of the U. States 
for the year ending June, 1850 38 

A list of the prices of leading products of the several Free and 

Slave States, according to De Bow and Andrews 38 

Number of acres in farms, whole value of agricultural produc- 
tions, and value per acre, in the Slave and Free States for 
1850 40 

Number engaged in agriculture, value of agricultural produc- 
tions, and value of the same per head in the Slave and Free 
States for 1850. 40 

Agriculture of the North and South compared 41 

Population, white and slave, number of acres of land, value of 
farms, value of farms per acre, number of students and schol- 
ars in public and private schools, and the number of whites 
over 20 years of age who cannot read and write, in the counties 
on the dividing line between the Free and Slave States, from 
the Atlantic to the Mississippi, with the like statistics of the 
remaining counties of the respective States 42 

Per cent of slaves of the border counties of the States, Dela- 
ware, Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, also the per cent of 
slaves of the remaining counties of the same States 43 

Influence of Slave States on neighboring Free States, and of Free 

States on neighboring Slave States .43-45 

(187) 



188 INDEX. 

PAGE 

Population, crops, and other statistics of rijmouth and Norfolk 
counties in Massachusetts, and James City and Westmoreland 

counties in Yirc^inia, for the year 1850 50 

Value of land in JSTorthern and Southern counties 51 

Southern agriculture described 53-58 

Alabama, description of, byN. B. Powell, 56 ; and by Hon. C. C. 

Clay, Jr 57 

Andi-eAvs' Report on trade and commerce referred to 35 

Agricultural products, prices of 38 

Arnold, Benedict, addi-ess of 142 

Bible cause, contributions for in Free and Slave States 120 

Canals in Slave and Pree States 87 

Census Tables, (see Appendix) 153 

Charleston, S. C, surrender of, petition of citizens of.'. 139 

Churches, value of in Slave and Free States 119 

Clay's (C. C, Jr.) description of Alabama 57 

Clay, II., on slave territory, 9 ; on slave trade.* 19 

Clinton, Sir Henry, letter of , 139 

Collejres in Slave and Free States 89, 90 



Commerce. 

Value of products entering into, number of persons engaged in, 
tonnage, raih'oads and canals employed in domestic and for- 
eign 69-74 

Lake and river commerce, coasting trade, canal and railway 

commerce 72 

Value of the exports and imports of the several Free and Slave 
States for the years ending June 30, 1850, and June 30, 1855, 
with the tonnage owned in said States at those dates, and the 
tonnage built therein during said years, with its value 75, 76 

Letter of Mr. London of Richmond, Va., on Southern com- 
merce 79 

Debt of Slave and Free States 88 

De Bow's remarks on wheat, hemp, and flax, 35 ; prices of agri- 
cultural products 38 

Dew, Prof., on slave trade and slave-breeding 20 

Education. 

Colleges in Slave and Free States, 89, 90 ; professional schools, 
91, 92; academies, private and public schools, 92-99; Libra- 
ries, 99-102 ; illiterate 103, 104 

Electoral votes in certain new Slave and Free States, 9 ; in Slave 

and Free States 24-28 



INDEX. 189 



PAGE 
ESTATE, REAL AND PERSONAL. 

Value of the real and personal estate of the several Free States, 
and the true value of the same in 1850, with the value of the 
real and personal estate of said States in 185G 81 

Value of the real and personal estate in 1850, the true value 
of the same, the value of the slaves, the true value of the 
real and personal estate, deducting the value of the slaves, with 
the value of the real and personal estate (including slaves) for 
1856, of the several Slave. States 82 

Various State valuations from 1851 to 1856 83 

Remarks on comparative value of property in Tree and Slave 

States 83-86 

!N'umber of m.iles of canals and railroads in operation in 1854 
(Avith the cost of construction), and the miles of completed 
railroad, and the amount of bank capital near Jan., 1855, in 
the several Free and Slave States 87 

Debt, productive property, and annual expenditure of the several 
Free and Slave States, compiled from State returns, near Jan. 
1, 1855 ■ 88 

Florida, purchase and cost of, and cost of Florida war .8 

Gholson of Va., on slave trade and slave breeding 21 

Graham of N. C, on slave trade .■ 21 

Guano for Virginia 56 

Illiterate in Slave and Free States 103, 104 

Kansas, laws of 144 

Libraries in Slave and Free States . . . -. 99-102 

Louisiana, purchase and cost of 8 

jMantjfactures. 

Population and value of manufactures in the Free and Slave 
^ States for the years 1820 and 1840 59, 60 

Xumber of individuals and establishments engaged in manufac- 
tures, amount of capital invested in such establishments, the 
value of raw material used, number of hands employed, 
annual wages jDaid, the annual product and the annual profit 
of such manufactures, in the several Free and Slave States, 
according to the Census returns of 1850 .61, 62 

Statement of the number of free inhabitants born within and 
without certain counties of the Slave States, in which there is 
a large or predominating exotic population, with the amount 
of capital invested in manufactures, number of hands em- 
ployed, and the annual product thereof in 1850 63 

Virginia manufactures described by Henry A. Wise 65 

Counties in the Free and Slave States which had, In 1850, the 
greatest relative amount of manufactures 66 

Slaves considered as domestic manufactures « 66-69 



190 INDEX. 

TAGS 

Value of the manufactures of cotton, wool, pig iron, iron cast- 
ings, wrought iron, and of the products of the fisheries and 
salt manufactories in the several Free and Slave States, for the 
year ending June, 1850, with the average wages per month of 

the hands employed , . 67, 68 

Value of the domestic manufactures of the several Free and 
Slave States, for the year 1850; with the average annual in- 
crease and value at $400 per head, of slaves, for the ten years 

ending June, 1850 69 

Massachusetts, population, etc., of, if a Slave State 51, 52 

Full statistics of— action of in 1780 123-127, 143 

Mexican War, cost of 8 

Missionary contributions in Slave and Free States 120 

Mssouri Compromise line, territory north and south of 9 

New England compared with South Carolina and Virginia, 45- 

51 ; description of in 1649 53 

New Mexico, cost of .^ 8 

Newspapers in Slave and Free States _jf^X)5-114 

Newton of Va., his remark on guano for Virginia lands ^'V: ... .56 

North Carolina, description of agriculture in 56 

Olmstead's description of Virginia, 54 ; South Carolina 57 

Pensioners in 1840. ^ 133 

Popular Eepeesentation. 

White population, free colored, and total free population, and the 
popular vote cast in 1852, in both the Slave and Free States, 
together with the number of representatives in congress, and 
the electoral votes, both as they now are, and as they would 
be, were freemen only represented 24, 25 

POPULuVTION. 

Statement of the area and aggregate population in 1790, 1820, 
1850, and 1856, -with the number of inhabitants to a square 
mile, in 1850, of the several Shive and Free States 11, 12 

Wliite population of the two sections at each decennial census 

from 1790 to 1850 , 14 

White population of the Slave and Free States in 1790, 1820, 

and 1850 15, 16 

Free colored population of the United States in the years 1790, 

1820, and 1850 18 

Slaves in the present slaveholding States, at each decennial cen- 
sus from 1790 to 1850 18 

Portsmouth, Va., Relief Association, contributions for, by Slave 

and Free States 129 

Post-Officc Department in Slave and Free States 115-118 

President elected by certain States 27, 28 

Presidential vote in 1852, 24, 25; in 1856, (sec Appendix) 182 



INDEX. 191 

PAGE 

Press, statistics of the 105-114 

Railroads in Eree and Slave States 87 

Representatives in Congress from five added Slave States and 
one Eree State, 9 ; from North and South 24-28 

Schools, professional, 91, 92 ; private and public 92-99 

Slaveholders, number of ; 16 

Slave trade, domestic 19-23 

Slaves, number of, etc., 18-23 ; high price of, 22; increase, 23 ; 
representation of in Congress, 25, 26; classed as domestic 

manufactures, 66-69 ; value of 82 

Slave States, value of those bordering on Eree States, also of 
the remaining Slave States, 33 ; comparison with Eree States 
in agriculture, 41 ; comparison of border counties with those 

of the Eree States 42, 43 

Soldiers in the Revolution, of Eree and Slave States 132, 133 

South Carolina, true value of land in, 29 ; statistics of, and of 
Massachusetts, 123-127, 128-131 ; action of, in 1779 and 1780. .134-143 

Statistics of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and South Carolina , 46 

Statistics of Massachusetts and Virginia 49 

Statistical tables from Cens. Comp., Andrews' Rep., etc., 153 

Territory of Slave and Eree States 7 

Texas annexed 8 

Tonnage of Slave and Eree States in 1850, 71-^3 ; ia^lS^, 77 ; 

of Massachusetts and ^outh X^arojiniv . i.*{.\,'. . . r. <.U 78 

Tract cause, <^DiM*wn^ibUtfed."J^iij^{5,t>3a'gLd Erecr States 120 

Virginia, condition of, if free, 51,52; desci:iBtk>ii ^f: in 1*6"4^, 
1612, 1585,^.7^7, ^(Ja^.tt^^resKit time--^.^ . •. . ;: . . . ;...*.: . . .53-58 

Washington* *(ScoKge,*descri5tfon "of Virginia lands . . .^, 53 

Whitney, 'Eh, treatment of by th,e .South . .;»"•. ^» * ^. co 47 

Wise, Henry A., jlj&pri^dii'oj .*Yi%ih«a agrJtyJiCute,' 5& ,v manu- 
factures and coi)in]£T:c4 C» I .*<.♦..'• . ., « •,•.*; .•...';'. .'.'." ,65 



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